冠

冠 U+51A0, 冠 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51A0 ← 冟 [U+519F] CJK Unified Ideographs 冡 → [U+51A1]

See also: 冦

Translingual

Han character

冠 (radical 14 冖+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 月一山戈 (BMUI), four-corner 3721₄, composition ⿱冖㝴)

References

• KangXi: page 130, character 23
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1580
• Dae Jaweon: page 292, character 27
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 303, character 18
• Unihan data for U+51A0

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		冠
alt. forms		𠖌 𠙙 𠜍 𢃙

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (元) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
冠	*kŋoːn, *kŋoːns
莞	*kŋoːn, *ɦŋoːn, *ɦŋroːnʔ
脘	*ŋkoːnʔ
筦	*ŋkoːnʔ
梡	*ŋ̥ʰoːnʔ, *ɦŋoːn, *ɦŋoːnʔ
岏	*ŋoːn
刓	*ŋoːn
园	*ŋoːn
忨	*ŋoːn, *ŋoːns
蚖	*ŋoːn, *ŋon
黿	*ŋoːn, *ŋon
抏	*ŋoːn
玩	*ŋoːns
貦	*ŋoːns
翫	*ŋoːns
妧	*ŋoːns
完	*ɦŋoːn
捖	*ɦŋoːn
垸	*ɦŋoːn, *ɦŋoːns
綄	*ɦŋoːn, *ɦŋoːnʔ
院	*ɦŋoːn, *ɦŋons
皖	*ɦŋoːnʔ, *ɦŋroːnʔ
晥	*ɦŋoːnʔ
浣	*ɦŋoːnʔ
頑	*ŋroːn, *ŋroːn
睆	*ɦŋroːnʔ
鯇	*ɦŋroːnʔ
元	*ŋon
沅	*ŋon
芫	*ŋon
杬	*ŋon
邧	*ŋon, *ŋonʔ
阮	*ŋon, *ŋonʔ
俒	*ɦŋuːn, *ɦŋuːns

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kŋoːn, *kŋoːns): semantic 冖 (“hat”) + phonetic 元 (OC *ŋon, “head”) + semantic 寸 (“hand”) – a hand putting a hat on the head. Also ideogrammic (會意).

Earlier forms are phono-semantic (形聲, OC *kŋoːn, *kŋoːns): semantic 冃 (“hat”) + phonetic 元 (OC *ŋon).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)wa-n (“to put on; to wear; to clothe”). Cognate with Tibetan བགོ (bgo, “to put on; to wear; clothing”), གོས (gos, “clothes; garments; dress”), གོན (gon), གྱོན (gyon, “to put on; to wear”), སྐོན (skon, “to dress; to clothe”).

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): guān (guan¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄢ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gun¹
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kôn
• Min Dong (BUC): guăng
• Min Nan (POJ): koàn
• Wu (Wiktionary): kuoe (T1)

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Beijing)⁺
    • Pinyin: guān
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄢ
    • Wade-Giles: kuan¹
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guan
    • IPA ^(key): /ku̯a̠n⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: gun¹
    • Yale: gūn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gun¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: gun¹
    • IPA ^(key): /kuːn⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kôn
    • Hakka Romanization System: gon´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gon¹
    • IPA: /kon²⁴/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: guăng
    • IPA ^(key): /kuaŋ⁵⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koàn
    • Tâi-lô: kuàn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: koaxn
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kuan²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kuan⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kuan²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kuan¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kuan²¹/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: kuoe (T1)
    • IPA ^(key): /kv̩ʷø⁵³/

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• Middle Chinese: /kuɑn/▼

Rime
Character	冠
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	桓 (62)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古丸切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuɑn/
Pan Wuyun	/kʷɑn/
Shao Rongfen	/kuɑn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kwan/
Li Rong	/kuɑn/
Wang Li	/kuɑn/
Bernard Karlgren	/kuɑn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	guān

• Old Chinese▼

  (Baxter-Sagart): /*[k.ʔ]ˤor/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kŋoːn/

Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	冠
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	guān
Middle Chinese	‹ kwan ›
Old Chinese	/*[k.ʔ]ˤor/
English	cap (n.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	冠
Reading #	1/2
No.	16107
Phonetic component	元
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	官
Old Chinese	/*kŋoːn/

Definitions

冠

1. hat; cap

   皇冠  ―  huángguān  ―  crown

2. top part; cap; top
3. hat-shaped thing

   花冠  ―  huāguān  ―  wreath; crown

   雞冠 / 鸡冠  ―  jīguān  ―  cockscomb

4. cock's crest; comb

Compounds

Derived terms from 冠

• 不冠不帶／不冠不带
• 倒冠落佩
• 儒冠
• 優孟衣冠／优孟衣冠
• 免冠 (miǎnguān)
• 免冠解印
• 冠冕 (guānmiǎn)
• 冠冕堂皇
• 冠冕衣裳
• 冠子
• 冠子蟲／冠子虫
• 冠履
• 冠履倒易
• 冠履倒置
• 冠履無爽／冠履无爽
• 冠帔
• 冠帶／冠带
• 冠帶之國／冠带之国
• 冠帶官／冠带官
• 冠帶流傳／冠带流传
• 冠族
• 冠服
• 冠毛
• 冠狀動脈／冠状动脉 (guānzhuàng dòngmài)
• 冠狀動脈硬化症／冠状动脉硬化症
• 冠玉 (guānyù)
• 冠芽
• 冠蓋／冠盖
• 冠蓋如雲／冠盖如云
• 冠蓋相屬／冠盖相属
• 冠蓋相望／冠盖相望
• 冠蓋雲集／冠盖云集
• 冠蓋高舉／冠盖高举
• 冠道履仁
• 加冠
• 加冠進祿／加冠进禄
• 南冠
• 南冠楚囚
• 南州冠冕
• 合瓣花冠
• 后冠
• 國冠／国冠
• 壺狀花冠／壶状花冠
• 天冠地屨
• 女冠
• 峨冠
• 峨冠博帶／峨冠博带
• 巾冠
• 平天冠
• 張冠李戴／张冠李戴 (Zhāng guān Lǐ dài)

• 彈冠／弹冠
• 彈冠振衣／弹冠振衣
• 彈冠相慶／弹冠相庆
• 彈冠結綬／弹冠结绶
• 怒髮衝冠／怒发冲冠
• 披髮纓冠／披发缨冠
• 挂冠
• 挂衣冠
• 掛冠／挂冠
• 掛冠歸里／挂冠归里
• 掛冠而去／挂冠而去
• 新沐者必彈冠，新浴者必振衣／新沐者必弹冠，新浴者必振衣
• 月桂冠 (yuèguìguān)
• 木猴而冠
• 束帶頂冠／束带顶冠
• 束髮金冠／束发金冠 (shùfǎ jīnguān)
• 桂冠 (guìguān)
• 桂冠詩人／桂冠诗人
• 極冠／极冠
• 正冠李下
• 正冠納履／正冠纳履
• 沐猴而冠
• 沐猴衣冠
• 法冠
• 漏斗狀花冠／漏斗状花冠
• 濯纓彈冠／濯缨弹冠
• 獬豸冠
• 王冠 (wángguān)
• 王貢彈冠／王贡弹冠
• 瓜田不納履，李下不整冠／瓜田不纳履，李下不整冠
• 皇冠 (huángguān)
• 皮冠
• 素冠
• 紫金冠
• 縞冠／缟冠
• 纓冠／缨冠
• 罟罟冠
• 美如冠玉
• 羽冠
• 肉冠 (ròuguān)
• 花冠 (huāguān)
• 蟬冠／蝉冠 (chánguān)
• 衝冠／冲冠
• 衝冠髮怒／冲冠发怒
• 衣冠 (yīguān)
• 衣冠不整
• 衣冠中人
• 衣冠優孟／衣冠优孟
• 衣冠冢 (yīguānzhǒng)
• 衣冠塚

• 衣冠子女
• 衣冠文物
• 衣冠梟獍／衣冠枭獍
• 衣冠楚楚 (yīguānchǔchǔ)
• 衣冠沐猴
• 衣冠濟楚／衣冠济楚
• 衣冠濟濟／衣冠济济
• 衣冠甚偉／衣冠甚伟
• 衣冠盛事
• 衣冠禮樂／衣冠礼乐
• 衣冠禽獸／衣冠禽兽 (yīguānqínshòu)
• 衣冠緒餘／衣冠绪余
• 衣冠藍縷／衣冠蓝缕
• 衣冠赫奕
• 衣冠輻湊／衣冠辐凑
• 衣冠雲集／衣冠云集
• 衣冠齊楚／衣冠齐楚
• 被髮纓冠／被发缨冠
• 裂冠毀冕／裂冠毁冕
• 角冠
• 貂蟬冠／貂蝉冠
• 貢禹彈冠／贡禹弹冠
• 輻狀花冠／辐状花冠
• 通天冠
• 進賢冠／进贤冠
• 道冠兒／道冠儿
• 道袍竹冠
• 金冠 (jīnguān)
• 雞冠／鸡冠 (jīguān)
• 雞冠石／鸡冠石
• 雞冠花／鸡冠花
• 離瓣花冠／离瓣花冠
• 面如冠玉 (miàn rú guānyù)
• 馬冠／马冠
• 高冠博帶／高冠博带
• 高冠敞袖
• 髮上指冠／发上指冠
• 髮上衝冠／发上冲冠
• 髮踊衝冠／发踊冲冠
• 鳳冠／凤冠 (fèngguān)
• 鳳冠霞帔／凤冠霞帔
• 鵔鸃冠
• 鶡冠
• 鶡冠子
• 鷸冠／鹬冠 (yùguān)
• 鹿皮冠
• 黃冠／黄冠
• 黑冠麻鷺／黑冠麻鹭 (hēiguān málù)
• 齒冠／齿冠 (chǐguān)

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): guàn (guan⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄢˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gun³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kon
• Min Dong (BUC): guáng
• Min Nan (POJ): koàn / koan
• Wu (Wiktionary): kuoe (T2)

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Beijing)⁺
    • Pinyin: guàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄢˋ
    • Wade-Giles: kuan⁴
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guann
    • IPA ^(key): /ku̯a̠n⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: gun³
    • Yale: gun
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gun³
    • Guangdong Romanization: gun³
    • IPA ^(key): /kuːn³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kon
    • Hakka Romanization System: gon
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gon⁴
    • IPA: /kon⁵⁵/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: guáng
    • IPA ^(key): /kuɑŋ²¹³/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, variant in Taiwan, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koàn
    • Tâi-lô: kuàn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: koaxn
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kuan⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kuan¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kuan²¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kuan²¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kuan²¹/
  • (Hokkien: mainstream Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koan
    • Tâi-lô: kuan
    • Phofsit Daibuun: koafn
    • IPA (Taipei): /kuan⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kuan⁴⁴/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: kuoe (T2)
    • IPA ^(key): /kv̩ʷø³⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: /kuɑn^H/▼

Rime
Character	冠
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	桓 (62)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古玩切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuɑnH/
Pan Wuyun	/kʷɑnH/
Shao Rongfen	/kuɑnH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kwanH/
Li Rong	/kuɑnH/
Wang Li	/kuɑnH/
Bernard Karlgren	/kuɑnH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	guàn

• Old Chinese▼

  (Baxter-Sagart): /*k.ʔˤor-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kŋoːns/

Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	冠
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	guàn
Middle Chinese	‹ kwanH ›
Old Chinese	/*k.ʔˤor-s/
English	cap (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	冠
Reading #	2/2
No.	16109
Phonetic component	元
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	貫
Old Chinese	/*kŋoːns/

Definitions

冠

1. ^† to put on a hat; to wear a hat
2. ^† (of a male) to reach adulthood
3. ^† to rank first; to excel; to surpass
4. ^† to cover; to put on top of
5. to precede (e.g. with a title); to attach; to put on
6. (historical) ceremony marking a man's coming of age at 20
7. ^† superior; excellent; outstanding

   冠軍 / 冠军  ―  guànjūn  ―  champion

8. ^† first place
9. champion; winner; victor
10. (linguistics) Short for 冠詞／冠词 (guàncí, “article”).
11. A surname​.

Compounds

Derived terms from 冠

• 三冠王
• 不定冠詞／不定冠词 (bùdìngguàncí)
• 冠世之才
• 冠亞軍／冠亚军
• 冠子
• 冠禮／冠礼
• 冠絕／冠绝
• 冠絕古今／冠绝古今
• 冠群
• 冠者

• 冠詞／冠词 (guàncí)
• 冠軍／冠军 (guànjūn)
• 冠軍賽／冠军赛 (guànjūnsài)
• 勇冠三軍／勇冠三军
• 及冠
• 奪冠／夺冠 (duóguàn)
• 弱冠 (ruòguàn)
• 未冠
• 氣冠三軍／气冠三军

• 沐猴冠冕
• 濯冠
• 笄冠
• 美冠一方
• 虎而冠
• 豔冠群芳／艳冠群芳
• 貴冠履，忘頭足／贵冠履，忘头足
• 超今冠古
• 連冠／连冠

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Japanese

Kanji

冠

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings

• Goon: かん (kan, Jōyō)^{←くわん (kwan, historical)}
• Kan’on: かん (kan, Jōyō)^{←くわん (kwan, historical)}
• Kun: かんむり (kanmuri, 冠, Jōyō)

Compounds

• 冠 (かん)詞 (し) (kanshi, “article”)
• 王 (おう)冠 (かん) (ōkan, “crown”)
• 月 (げっ)桂 (けい)冠 (かん) (gekkeikan, “laurel wreath”)
• 草 (くさ)冠 (かんむり) (kusakanmuri, “grass radical”)

Derived terms

• 瓜 (か)田 (でん)に履 (くつ)を納 (い)れず、李 (り)下 (か)に冠 (かんむり)を正 (ただ)さず (kaden ni kutsu o irezu, rika ni kanmuri o tadasazu)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
冠
かん Grade: S
on’yomi

Kanji in this term
冠
かぶり Grade: S
Irregular

Kanji in this term
冠
かむり Grade: S
Irregular

Kanji in this term
冠
こうぶり Grade: S
Irregular

Kanji in this term
冠
かんむり Grade: S
kun’yomi

/kaɡapuri/ → /kauburi/ → /kaumuri/ → /kammuri/

From Old Japanese かがふり (kagapuri), which evolved to かうぶり (kauburi) in Middle Japanese. Further evolution gives kaburi and kaumuri, the latter evolved to modern kanmuri. Kamuri comes from another evolution of kaburi, while kōburi is the modern kana usage form of Middle Japanese kauburi.

The on-reading comes from Middle Chinese 冠 (kuan).

Alternative forms

• 被 (かぶ)り (kaburi)

Pronunciation

• Kun’yomi
  • (Tokyo) かんむり [kàńmúrí] (Heiban – [0])
  • (Tokyo) かんむ​り [kàńmúꜜrì] (Nakadaka – [3])
  • IPA^(key): [kã̠mːɯ̟ᵝɾi]

• Kun’yomi
  • IPA^(key): [ko̞ːbɯ̟ᵝɾi]

• (Irregular reading)
  • (Tokyo) かむり [kàmúrí] (Heiban – [0])
  • IPA^(key): [ka̠mɯ̟ᵝɾi]

• (Irregular reading)
  • (Tokyo) かぶり​ [kàbúríꜜ] (Odaka – [3])
  • IPA^(key): [ka̠bɯ̟ᵝɾi]

• On’yomi
  • (Tokyo) か​ん [káꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
  • IPA^(key): [kã̠ɴ]

Noun

冠 (hiragana かんむり, rōmaji kanmuri)
冠 (hiragana こうぶり, rōmaji kōburi, historical hiragana かうぶり)
冠 (hiragana かむり, rōmaji kamuri)
冠 (hiragana かぶり, rōmaji kaburi)
冠 (hiragana かん, rōmaji kan, historical hiragana くわん)

1. a crown (royal headdress)
2. a type of traditional cap
3. the top radical of a kanji, such as 冖 as in 冠 itself

Proper noun

冠 (hiragana かんむり, rōmaji Kanmuri)

1. A surname​.

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Korean

Hanja

冠 • (gwan)

• Eumhun:
  • Sound (hangeul): 관 (revised: gwan, McCune-Reischauer: kwan)
  • Name (hangeul): 갓 관

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

冠 (quan, quán)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.