冠

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See also: 冦
冠 U+51A0, 冠
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51A0
← 冟
[U+519F] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 冡 →
[U+51A1]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order

Han character[edit]

冠 (Kangxi radical 14, 冖+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 月一山戈 (BMUI), four-corner 37214, composition ⿱冖㝴)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 130, character 23
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1580
  • Dae Jaweon: page 292, character 27
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 303, character 18
  • Unihan data for U+51A0

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 冠
alternative forms 𠖌
𭁺
𠙙
𠜍
𢃙

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 冠
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (元) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
冠 *kŋoːn, *kŋoːns
莞 *kŋoːn, *ɦŋoːn, *ɦŋroːnʔ
脘 *ŋkoːnʔ
筦 *ŋkoːnʔ
梡 *ŋ̊ʰoːnʔ, *ɦŋoːn, *ɦŋoːnʔ
岏 *ŋoːn
刓 *ŋoːn
园 *ŋoːn
忨 *ŋoːn, *ŋoːns
蚖 *ŋoːn, *ŋon
黿 *ŋoːn, *ŋon
抏 *ŋoːn
玩 *ŋoːns
貦 *ŋoːns
翫 *ŋoːns
妧 *ŋoːns
完 *ɦŋoːn
捖 *ɦŋoːn
垸 *ɦŋoːn, *ɦŋoːns
綄 *ɦŋoːn, *ɦŋoːnʔ
院 *ɦŋoːn, *ɦŋons
皖 *ɦŋoːnʔ, *ɦŋroːnʔ
晥 *ɦŋoːnʔ
浣 *ɦŋoːnʔ
頑 *ŋroːn, *ŋroːn
睆 *ɦŋroːnʔ
鯇 *ɦŋroːnʔ
元 *ŋon
沅 *ŋon
芫 *ŋon
杬 *ŋon
邧 *ŋon, *ŋonʔ
阮 *ŋon, *ŋonʔ
俒 *ɦŋuːn, *ɦŋuːns

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kŋoːn, *kŋoːns) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): semantic 冖 (“hat”) + phonetic 元 (OC *ŋon, “head”) + semantic 寸 (“hand”) – a hand putting a hat on the head.

Earlier forms are phono-semantic (形聲／形声, OC *kŋoːn, *kŋoːns): semantic 冃 (“hat”) + phonetic 元 (OC *ŋon).

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)wa-n (“to put on; to wear; to clothe”). Cognate with Tibetan བགོ (bgo, “to put on; to wear; clothing”), གོས (gos, “clothes; garments; dress”), གོན (gon), གྱོན (gyon, “to put on; to wear”), སྐོན (skon, “to dress; to clothe”).

Pronunciation 2 is the exopassive derivation of pronunciation 1, literally "(make someone to) be capped" (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • guang1 - Shantou;
  • guêng1 - Chaozhou.
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 冠
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 見 (28)
    Final (韻) 桓 (62)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 古丸切
    Baxter kwan
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kuɑn/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kʷɑn/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kuɑn/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kwan/
    Li
    Rong         		/kuɑn/
    Wang
    Li         		/kuɑn/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/kuɑn/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		guān
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		gun1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 冠
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		guān
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ kwan ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[k.ʔ]ˁor/
    English cap (n.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 冠
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 16107
    Phonetic
    component         		元
    Rime
    group         		元
    Rime
    subdivision         		3
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		官
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kŋoːn/

    Definitions[edit]

    冠

    1. hat; cap
      皇冠  ―  huángguān  ―  crown
      衣冠楚楚  ―  yīguānchǔchǔ  ―  well-groomed
    2. hat-shaped thing
      花冠  ―  huāguān  ―  wreath; crown
      雞冠／鸡冠  ―  jīguān  ―  cockscomb
    Synonyms[edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of 帽子 (“hat”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 冠, 帽
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 帽子
    Mandarin Beijing 帽子, 帽兒
    Taiwan 帽子
    Harbin 帽子
    Yantai (Muping) 帽子
    Jinan 帽子
    Wanrong 帽子
    Xi'an 帽子
    Yinchuan 帽子
    Xining 帽子
    Ürümqi 帽子
    Wuhan 帽子
    Chengdu 帽子
    Guiyang 帽子, 帽兒 humorous
    Guilin 帽子
    Liuzhou 帽子
    Xuzhou 帽子
    Yangzhou 帽子
    Nanjing 帽子
    Hefei 帽子
    Singapore 帽子
    Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 帽子
    Olginsky (Mikhaylovka) 帽子
    Cantonese Guangzhou 帽
    Hong Kong 帽
    Dongguan 帽
    Yangjiang 帽
    Hepu (Lianzhou) 帽
    Hepu (Shatian) 帽
    Beihai 帽
    Beihai (Nankang) 帽
    Beihai (Yingpan) 頭帽
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 帽
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 帽
    Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 帽
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 帽
    Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 帽
    Móng Cái 帽
    Gan Nanchang 帽子
    Pingxiang 帽子
    Hakka Meixian 帽仔
    Yudu 帽子
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 帽仔
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 帽仔
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 帽仔
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 帽
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 帽仔, 帽
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 帽
    Senai (Huiyang) 帽
    Huizhou Jixi 帽
    Jin Taiyuan 帽子, 帽兒
    Xinzhou 帽子
    Min Bei Jian'ou 帽
    Min Dong Fuzhou 帽
    Matsu 帽
    Min Nan Xiamen 帽仔
    Quanzhou 帽仔
    Zhangzhou 帽仔
    Taipei 帽仔
    New Taipei (Sanxia) 帽仔
    Kaohsiung 帽仔
    Yilan 帽仔
    Changhua (Lukang) 帽仔
    Taichung 帽仔
    Tainan 帽仔
    Hsinchu 帽仔
    Kinmen 帽
    Penghu (Magong) 帽
    Penang (Hokkien) 帽
    Singapore (Hokkien) 帽, 帽仔
    Manila (Hokkien) 帽仔
    Chaozhou 帽
    Shantou 帽
    Shantou (Chenghai) 帽
    Jieyang 帽
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 帽
    Penang (Teochew) 帽
    Singapore (Teochew) 帽
    Pontianak (Teochew) 帽
    Puxian Min Putian 帽
    Putian (Donghai) 帽
    Putian (Jiangkou) 帽
    Putian (Nanri) 帽, 帽囝
    Xianyou 帽
    Xianyou (Fengting) 帽
    Xianyou (Youyang) 帽
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 帽子, 帽
    Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 帽
    Wu Shanghai 帽子
    Shanghai (Chongming) 帽子
    Suzhou 帽子
    Danyang 帽子
    Hangzhou 帽兒
    Ningbo 帽子
    Wenzhou 帽
    Jinhua 帽
    Xiang Changsha 帽子
    Loudi 帽, 帽子
    Shuangfeng 帽子

    Compounds[edit]

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Note:
    • guang3 - Shantou;
    • guêng3 - Chaozhou.
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 冠
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 見 (28)
    Final (韻) 桓 (62)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 古玩切
    Baxter kwanH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kuɑnH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kʷɑnH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kuɑnH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kwanH/
    Li
    Rong         		/kuɑnH/
    Wang
    Li         		/kuɑnH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/kuɑnH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		guàn
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		gun3
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 冠
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		guàn
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ kwanH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*k.ʔˁor-s/
    English cap (v.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 冠
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 16109
    Phonetic
    component         		元
    Rime
    group         		元
    Rime
    subdivision         		3
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		貫
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kŋoːns/

    Definitions[edit]

    冠

    1. (literary) to put on a hat; to wear a hat
      沐猴而冠  ―  mùhóu'érguàn  ―  a macaque wearing a hat
    2. (historical) ceremony marking a male's coming of age at 20
    3. (historical, of a male) to reach adulthood
    4. to rank first; to excel; to surpass
      冠軍／冠军  ―  guànjūn  ―  champion
    5. (literary) to cover
    6. to precede (e.g. with a title); to attach; to put on
      冠夫姓  ―  guàn fūxìng  ―  to add on one's husband's surname
    7. champion; winner; victor
      奪冠／夺冠  ―  duóguàn  ―  to take first prize
    8. (linguistics) Short for 冠詞／冠词 (guàncí, “article”).
    9. a surname
    Synonyms[edit]
    • (ceremony marking a male's coming of age at 20): 元服 (yuánfú)

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    冠

    (common “Jōyō” kanji)

    1. crown
    2. best, peerless

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    冠
    かがふり
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi

    /kaɡapuri/ → /kaɡafuri/

    From Old Japanese.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • IPA(key): [ka̠ɡa̠ɸɯ̟ᵝɾʲi]

    Noun[edit]

    冠(かがふり) • (kagafuri) 

    1. (archaic, possibly obsolete) head covering; headdress, crown
    2. (by extension, archaic) order, rank
    See also[edit]

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    冠
    かぶり
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi

    Likely a shift from kagafuri above, ancient kagapuri. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    冠(かぶり) • (kaburi) 

    1. headdress, crown
    2. (theater) large attendance, full house
    3. (archaic) order, rank
    Synonyms[edit]

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    冠
    かむり
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi

    A shift from kaburi above. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    冠(かむり) • (kamuri) 

    1. headdress, crown
    2. distance from the tunnel's roof to the surface directly above it
    3. (poetry) first (traditionally, five) morae of a haiku, etc.; specifically, the first verse or line of a poem

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    冠
    こうぶり
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi

    A shift from kagafuri above, ancient kagapuri.[1]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • IPA(key): [ko̞ːbɯ̟ᵝɾʲi]

    Noun[edit]

    冠(こうぶり) • (kōburi) ←かうぶり (kauburi)?

    1. headdress, crown
    2. order, rank
    3. Synonym of 年爵 (“an annual salary in the Heian period”)
    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 5[edit]

    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja
    Kanji in this term
    冠
    かんむり
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi

    The modern spelling. A shift from kōburi above, historical kauburi.[1] Also encountered is kanburi.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • IPA(key): [kã̠mbɯ̟ᵝɾʲi]

    Noun[edit]

    冠(かんむり) or 冠(かんぶり) • (kanmuri or kanburi) 

    1. a crown (royal headdress)
      • 1999 November 18, “冠(かんむり)を戴(いただ)く蒼(あお)き翼(つばさ)”, in Vol.6, Konami:
        頭(あたま)の毛(け)が冠(かんむり)のように見(み)える、青(あお)白(じろ)く燃(も)えるトリ。
        Atama no ke ga kanmuri no yō ni mieru, aojiroku moeru tori.
        A bluish fiery bird whose feathers on its head resemble a crown.
    2. a type of traditional cap
    3. name; title; named sponsorship of a program, event, team, etc.​
    4. the top radical of a kanji, such as 冖 as in 冠 itself
    Compounds[edit]
    Terms derived from かんむり
    Radical names containing 冠

    Proper noun[edit]

    冠(かんむり) • (Kanmuri) 

    1. a female given name
    2. a surname

    Etymology 6[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    冠
    さか
    Grade: S
    irregular

    Clipping of 鶏(と)冠(さか) (tosaka). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    冠(さか) • (saka) 

    1. comb, crest (of a bird, particularly a chicken or pheasant); cockscomb

    Etymology 7[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    冠
    かん
    Grade: S
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 冠 (MC kwan|kwanH).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    冠(かん) • (kan) ←くわん (kwan)?

    1. headpiece, crown
    Derived terms[edit]
    Compounds[edit]
    Compounds derived from かん

    Adjective[edit]

    冠(かん) • (kan) ←くわん (kwan)?†-tari (adnominal 冠(かん)とした (kan to shita) or 冠(かん)たる (kan taru), adverbial 冠(かん)と (kan to) or 冠(かん)として (kan to shite))

    1. crown; champion

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 冠 (MC kwan|kwanH). Recorded as Middle Korean 관 (kwan) (Yale: kwan) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    冠 (eumhun 갓 관 (gat gwan))

    1. Hanja form? of 관 (“crown; hat”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    冠: Hán Nôm readings: quan, quán

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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