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倭

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
倭 U+502D, 倭
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-502D
← 倬
[U+502C] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 倮 →
[U+502E]

Translingual

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Han character

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倭 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+8, 10 strokes, Cangjie input 人竹木女 (OHDV), four-corner 22244, composition ⿰亻委)

Derived characters

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References

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Chinese

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trad. 倭
simp. # 倭

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 倭
s05700
Transcribed ancient scripts
L34578
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (委) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
矮 *qraːlʔ
躷 *qraːlʔ
捼 *noːl, *nuːl, *njul
倭 *qoːl, *qoːlʔ, *qrol
涹 *qoːl
踒 *qoːl
餧 *nuːlʔ, *qrols
諉 *nols, *qrolʔ
痿 *njol, *qrol
萎 *qrol, *qrols
逶 *qrol
覣 *qrol
蜲 *qrol, *qrolʔ
委 *qrol, *qrolʔ
緌 *njul

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, *ʔoj; qʳolʔ): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 委 (*ʔwaj; qʳolʔ; qrojʔ; qrorʔ).

Etymology 1

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Various theories suggest that 倭 was influenced by Old Japanese 我 (wa, “I, me”), the shorter height of the ancient Japanese, referring to the practice of bowing, or the obsolete sense of the word that meant winding possibly used to refer to the distance between Japan and China (Etymology 2).[1]

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • e/er/oe - vernacular;
  • o/o͘ - literary.
Rime
Character 倭
Reading # 2/3
Initial (聲) 影 (34)
Final (韻) 戈 (95)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 烏禾切
Baxter 'wa
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʔuɑ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʔuɑ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ʔuɑ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʔwa/
Li
Rong 		/ʔuɑ/
Wang
Li 		/uɑ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ʔuɑ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		wō
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		wo1
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 倭
Reading # 1/3
No. 12888
Phonetic
component 		委
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		倭
Old
Chinese 		/*qoːl/
Notes 見漢書

Definitions

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倭

  1. (historical, now derogatory) Japan; Yamato
  2. (in some animal names) dwarf; pygmy
    倭蛙  ―  wōwā  ―  Nanorana pleskei
    倭河馬／倭河马  ―  wōhémǎ  ―  pygmy hippopotamus
    倭黑猩猩  ―  wōhēixīngxīng  ―  bonobo; pygmy chimpanzee
Synonyms
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  • (Japan):

Compounds

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See also

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Etymology 2

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 倭
Reading # 1/3
Initial (聲) 影 (34)
Final (韻) 支 (14)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 於爲切
Baxter 'jwe
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʔˠiuᴇ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʔʷᵚiɛ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ʔiuɛ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʔjwiə̆/
Li
Rong 		/ʔjue/
Wang
Li 		/ǐwe/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ʔwie̯/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		wēi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		wai1
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 倭
Reading # 3/3
No. 12902
Phonetic
component 		委
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		逶
Old
Chinese 		/*qrol/

Definitions

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倭

  1. (historical dictionaries only) compliant; docile; gentle
  2. used in 倭遲／倭迟: winding; meandering; circuitous; by extension, far and long
  3. used in 倭妥: graceful; neat and well-arranged; fine; pretty; also (Wu Chinese) mild; tactful; compliant
  4. used in 倭傀: an ugly woman (in classical texts)

Etymology 3

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 倭
Reading # 3/3
Initial (聲) 影 (34)
Final (韻) 戈 (95)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 烏果切
Baxter 'waX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʔuɑX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʔuɑX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ʔuɑX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʔwaX/
Li
Rong 		/ʔuɑX/
Wang
Li 		/uɑX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ʔuɑX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		wǒ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		wo2
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 倭
Reading # 2/3
No. 12891
Phonetic
component 		委
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		婐
Old
Chinese 		/*qoːlʔ/

Definitions

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倭

  1. only used in 倭墮髻／倭堕髻 (wǒduòjì): a women's hairstyle with the bun slanting to one side or falling forward over the forehead; also shortened to 倭墮

Compounds

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References

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  • “倭”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
  • 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “倭”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 247.
  • 周存 [Zhōu, Cún], editor (2023), “倭”, in 长汀话词典 CHANGTINGHUA CIDIAN [Dictionary of Changting Dialect] (overall work in Hakka and Mandarin), Guangzhou: 世界图书出版有限公司 [World Book Publishing Co., Ltd.], →ISBN, page 699.
  1. ^ Andrew C. H. Jones (September 2023), “The Way to Wa (in the Age of Himiko)”, in Sino-Platonic Papers‎[1], pages 32-33

Japanese

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Kanji

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倭

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

  1. Yamato
  2. Japan (a country in East Asia)

Readings

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  • Go-on: い (i)←ゐ (wi, historical)、わ (wa)
  • Kan-on: い (i)←ゐ (wi, historical)、わ (wa)
  • Kun: やまと (yamato, 倭)、したがう (shitagau, 倭う)

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
倭
やまと
Jinmeiyō
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 倭 – see the following entry.
【大和やまと】
[proper noun] a town in the Shikinoshimo district in the Yamato Province of Japan, generally equivalent to modern Tenri area
[proper noun] a city in Kanagawa Prefecture
[proper noun] one of the old provinces that made up Japan, generally equivalent to modern Nara prefecture
[proper noun] the country of Japan
Alternative spelling
和
(This term, 倭, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
倭
わ
Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 倭 (MC 'wa). Various theories suggest that 倭 was influenced by Old Japanese 我 (wa, “I, me”), the shorter height of the ancient Japanese, or referring to the practice of bowing.

Pronunciation

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Proper noun

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倭(わ) • (Wa) 

  1. (historical, derogatory) ancient Japan

Usage notes

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During the Nara period, Japanese scholars believed that 倭 was derogatory as a name for their own country, because the Chinese word depicted a man bending down. Around 757 CE, Japan replaced 倭 with 和(わ) (Wa), which had the same pronunciation in Old Japanese, but instead meant "harmonious".

References

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  1. ^ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology 1

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From a corrupted or unorthodox reading. The original reading is 와 (wa) based on Middle Chinese 倭 (MC 'wa).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

倭 (eumhun 왜나라 왜 (waenara wae))

  1. hanja form? of 왜 (“ancient Japan, Yamato”)

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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From Middle Chinese 倭 (MC 'jwe).

Historical readings

Hanja

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倭 (eumhun 유순할 위 (yusunhal wi))

  1. (literary Chinese) hanja form? of 위 (“docile, obedient”)

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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倭: Hán Nôm readings: uy, oải, nụy/nuỵ, oa

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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