dwarf
English[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Middle English dwergh, dwerw, dwerf, from Old English dweorg, from Proto-West Germanic *dwerg, from Proto-Germanic *dwergaz.
Cognate with Scots dwerch; Old High German twerc (German Zwerg); Old Norse dvergr (Swedish dvärg); Old Frisian dwirg (West Frisian dwerch); Middle Low German dwerch, dwarch, twerg (German Low German Dwarg, Dwarch); Middle Dutch dwerch, dworch (Dutch dwerg).
The Modern English noun has undergone complex phonetic changes. The form dwarf is the regular continuation of Old English dweorg, but the plural dweorgas would have given rise to dwarrows and the oblique stem dweorge- would have led to dwery. These forms are sometimes found as the nominative singular in Middle English texts and in English dialects. A parallel case is that of Old English burg giving burgh, borough, burrow, bury.
Pronunciation[edit]
- (General American) enPR: dwôrf, IPA(key): /dwɔɹf/
- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /dwɔːf/
Audio (US) (file) - Rhymes: -ɔː(ɹ)f
Noun[edit]
dwarf (plural dwarfs or dwarves)
- (mythology) Any member of a race of beings from (especially Scandinavian and other Germanic) folklore, usually depicted as having some sort of supernatural powers and being skilled in crafting and metalworking, often as short with long beards, and sometimes as clashing with elves.
- (now often offensive) A person of short stature, often one whose limbs are disproportionately small in relation to the body as compared with normal adults, usually as the result of a genetic condition.
- An animal, plant or other thing much smaller than the usual of its sort.
- Synonym: runt
- dwarf tree
- dwarf honeysuckle
- (astronomy) A star of relatively small size.
Usage notes[edit]
At first, dwarfs was the common plural in English. After J. R. R. Tolkien used dwarves in his works, that form became the standard for the plural of the mythological beings. For a non-mythological dwarf (people with dwarfism, small plants, animals, planets, stars, etc.), dwarfs has remained the preferred plural form. The use of dwarf to describe people with dwarfism is currently considered to be offensive by some.
Derived terms[edit]
Translations[edit]
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- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
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Adjective[edit]
dwarf (comparative dwarfer, superlative dwarfest)
- (especially in botany) Miniature.
- The specimen is a very dwarf form of the plant.
- It is possible to grow the plants as dwarf as one desires.
Translations[edit]
Verb[edit]
dwarf (third-person singular simple present dwarfs, present participle dwarfing, simple past and past participle dwarfed)
- (transitive) To render (much) smaller, turn into a dwarf (version).
- Synonyms: miniaturize, shrink
- (transitive) To make appear (much) smaller, puny, tiny.
- The newly-built skyscraper dwarfs all older buildings in the downtown skyline.
- 1960 April, J. P. Wilson and E. N. C. Haywood, “The route through the Peak - Derby to Manchester: Part Two”, in Trains Illustrated, page 225:
- The train bursts from Rusher Cutting Tunnel with explosive violence, the engine's exhaust soaring high into the air, but dwarfed by the mighty limestone cliffs on either side.
- 2013 May-June, Kevin Heng, “Why Does Nature Form Exoplanets Easily?”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, page 184:
- In the past two years, NASA’s Kepler Space Telescope has located nearly 3,000 exoplanet candidates ranging from sub-Earth-sized minions to gas giants that dwarf our own Jupiter.
- (transitive) To make appear insignificant.
- Synonyms: eclipse, overshadow, outshadow, outshine, outdo, put to shame, upstage, surpass, outmatch, outstrip
- Bach dwarfs all other composers.
- (intransitive) To become (much) smaller.
- Synonym: shrink
- To hinder from growing to the natural size; to make or keep small; to stunt.
- 1710 July 3 (Gregorian calendar), Joseph Addison, “THURSDAY, June 22, 1710”, in The Spectator, number 98; republished in Alexander Chalmers, editor, The Spectator; a New Edition, […], volume II, New York, N.Y.: D[aniel] Appleton & Company, 1853, OCLC 191120697:
- At present the whole sex is in a manner dwarfed and shrunk - into a race of beauties that seems almost another species
- 1881, John Campbell Shairp, Aspects of Poetry
- Even the most common moral ideas and affections […] would be stunted and dwarfed, if cut off from a spiritual background.
Translations[edit]
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Further reading[edit]
- English terms inherited from Middle English
- English terms derived from Middle English
- English terms inherited from Old English
- English terms derived from Old English
- English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- English terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- English 1-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms with audio links
- Rhymes:English/ɔː(ɹ)f
- Rhymes:English/ɔː(ɹ)f/1 syllable
- English lemmas
- English nouns
- English countable nouns
- English nouns with irregular plurals
- en:Mythology
- English offensive terms
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- en:Stars
- English adjectives
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- English terms with quotations
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- English contranyms
- en:Mythological creatures
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