共和
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Chinese
[edit]all together; in while; to share all together; in while; to share; common; general; together; total |
mix together; peace; harmony mix together; peace; harmony; and; with; union; cap (a poem); respond in singing; soft; warm | ||
---|---|---|---|
simp. and trad. (共和) |
共 | 和 |
Etymology
[edit]- Gonghe Regency
- Traditionally interpreted as "joint harmony", as during the Gonghe regency, the Zhou Dynasty was considered to be ruled jointly by two dukes; but according to the Bamboo Annals, the Gonghe regency was ruled by a single person—the Count of Gong (共伯), whose name was He (和). This reading has been confirmed by the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips.[1][2]
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gong4 ho2
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): гунхә (gunhə, I-I)
- Cantonese (Jyutping): gung6 wo4
- Gan (Wiktionary): kung5 fo4
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): gung3 hue1
- Northern Min (KCR): gō̤ng-uǎ
- Eastern Min (BUC): gê̤ṳng-huò
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6gon-wu6
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gong5 ho2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: gònghé
- Wade–Giles: kung4-ho2
- Yale: gùng-hé
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gonqher
- Palladius: гунхэ (gunxɛ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: gong4 ho2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gungxo
- Sinological IPA (key): /koŋ²¹³ xo²¹/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гунхә (gunhə, I-I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kuŋ²⁴ xə²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: gung6 wo4
- Yale: guhng wòh
- Cantonese Pinyin: gung6 wo4
- Guangdong Romanization: gung6 wo4
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʊŋ²² wɔː²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: kung5 fo4
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰuŋ¹¹ fo³⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiung-fò
- Hakka Romanization System: kiung foˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: kiung4 fo2
- Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ fo¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: gung3 hue1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /kũŋ⁴⁵ xuɤ¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gō̤ng-uǎ
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɔŋ⁵⁵ ua²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gê̤ṳng-huò
- Sinological IPA (key): /kyŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ (h-)ŋuo⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Xiang
- Middle Chinese: gjowngH hwa
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s [ɢ]ˤoj/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡloŋs ɡoːl/
Noun
[edit]共和
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]See also
[edit]- 君主制 (jūnzhǔzhì)
Proper noun
[edit]共和
- (historical) Gonghe Regency (interregnum period in Chinese history from 841 to 828 BCE)
- 共和十四年,大旱,火焚其屋,伯和篡位立,秋,又大旱。其年周厲王死,宣王立。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Bamboo Annals, circa 475 – 221 BCE
- Gònghé shísì nián, dàhàn, huǒ fén qí wū, bó Hé cuànwèi lì, qiū, yòu dàhàn. Qí nián zhōu Lìwáng sǐ, Xuānwáng lì. [Pinyin]
- In the fourteenth year of Gong['s ]He, there was a great drought; a fire burnt his residence. Earl He, by usurping the throne, was established [as ruler]. In autumn, there was another great drought. That year, King Li died; King Xuan was established.
共和十四年,大旱,火焚其屋,伯和篡位立,秋,又大旱。其年周厉王死,宣王立。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (~縣) Gonghe County (a county of Qinghai, China)
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ 華東師範大學中文系戰國簡讀書小組 (2011 December 29) “讀《清華大學藏戰國竹簡(貳)․繫年》書後(一)”, in 簡帛網[1], archived from the original on 27 January 2012
- ^ Chen, Minzhen, Pines, Yuri (2018) “Where is King Ping? The History and Historiography of the Zhou Dynasty's Eastward Relocation”, in Asia Major[2], volume 31.1, Academica Sinica, retrieved 2022-06-15, pages 1–27 (at pp 16–17)
Japanese
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
共 | 和 |
きょう Grade: 4 |
わ Grade: 3 |
on'yomi |
From Middle Chinese 共和 (gjowngH hwa).
The idea of "government without a king" was later adopted by Japanese geographer Mitsukuri Shōgo in reference to the United States, which he dubbed 共和政治州 (Kyōwa-Seiji-Shū, literally “the States with Cooperative and Harmonious Government”); Mitsukuri anecdotally took this suggestion from a Ruist acquaintance who could only think of the aforementioned regency as the sole example of an East Asian government with no monarch. Later Japanese authors used 共和 in a rather indiscriminate way, for anything from commonwealth, to republic, to democracy. The original translation into Chinese of English republican was Chinese 民主 (mínzhǔ), whence Vietnamese dân chủ (“democracy”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- collaboration; cooperation; working together in harmony
- republicanism
Derived terms
[edit]- 共和国 (kyōwakoku)
References
[edit]- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Korean
[edit]Hanja in this term | |
---|---|
共 | 和 |
Noun
[edit]Vietnamese
[edit]chữ Hán Nôm in this term | |
---|---|
共 | 和 |
Noun
[edit]共和
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