共和

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Chinese

[edit]
all together; in while; to share
all together; in while; to share; common; general; together; total
 
mix together; peace; harmony
mix together; peace; harmony; and; with; union; cap (a poem); respond in singing; soft; warm
 
simp. and trad.
(共和)
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Etymology

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Gonghe Regency
Traditionally interpreted as "joint harmony", as during the Gonghe regency, the Zhou Dynasty was considered to be ruled jointly by two dukes; but according to the Bamboo Annals, the Gonghe regency was ruled by a single person—the Count of Gong (共伯), whose name was He (). This reading has been confirmed by the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips.[1][2]

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character
Reading # 2/2 1/2
Initial () (30) (33)
Final () (7) (95)
Tone (調) Departing (H) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Closed
Division () III I
Fanqie
Baxter gjowngH hwa
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ɡɨoŋH/ /ɦuɑ/
Pan
Wuyun
/ɡioŋH/ /ɦuɑ/
Shao
Rongfen
/ɡioŋH/ /ɣuɑ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/guawŋH/ /ɦwa/
Li
Rong
/ɡioŋH/ /ɣuɑ/
Wang
Li
/ɡĭwoŋH/ /ɣuɑ/
Bernard
Karlgren
/gi̯woŋH/ /ɣuɑ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
jiòng huó
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
gung6 wo4
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
gòng
Middle
Chinese
‹ gjowngH › ‹ hwa ›
Old
Chinese
/*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s/ /*[ɢ]ˁoj/
English together, all harmonious

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/2 1/2
No. 4182 4932
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0 3
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ɡloŋs/ /*ɡoːl/

Noun

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共和

  1. republicanism; republic

Derived terms

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (共和):

See also

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Proper noun

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共和

  1. (historical) Gonghe Regency (interregnum period in Chinese history from 841 to 828 BCE)
  2. () Gonghe County (a county of Qinghai, China)

Derived terms

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References

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  1. ^ 華東師範大學中文系戰國簡讀書小組 (2011 December 29) “讀《清華大學藏戰國竹簡(貳)․繫年》書後(一)”, in 簡帛網[1], archived from the original on 27 January 2012
  2. ^ Chen, Minzhen, Pines, Yuri (2018) “Where is King Ping? The History and Historiography of the Zhou Dynasty's Eastward Relocation”, in Asia Major[2], volume 31.1, Academica Sinica, retrieved 2022-06-15, pages 1–27 (at pp 16–17)

Japanese

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Etymology

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Kanji in this term
きょう
Grade: 4

Grade: 3
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 共和 (gjowngH hwa).

The idea of "government without a king" was later adopted by Japanese geographer Mitsukuri Shōgo in reference to the United States, which he dubbed 共和政治州 (Kyōwa-Seiji-Shū, literally the States with Cooperative and Harmonious Government); Mitsukuri anecdotally took this suggestion from a Ruist acquaintance who could only think of the aforementioned regency as the sole example of an East Asian government with no monarch. Later Japanese authors used 共和 in a rather indiscriminate way, for anything from commonwealth, to republic, to democracy. The original translation into Chinese of English republican was Chinese 民主 (mínzhǔ), whence Vietnamese dân chủ (democracy).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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(きょう)() (kyōwa

  1. collaboration; cooperation; working together in harmony
  2. republicanism

Derived terms

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References

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  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  3. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Hanja in this term

Noun

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共和 (gonghwa) (hangeul 공화)

  1. hanja form? of 공화 (universal harmony, republicanism)

Vietnamese

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chữ Hán Nôm in this term

Noun

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共和

  1. chữ Hán form of cộng hoà (republic).