共和

Chinese

		all together; in while; to share all together; in while; to share; common; general; together; total	mix together; peace; harmony mix together; peace; harmony; and; with; union; cap (a poem); respond in singing; soft; warm
simp. and trad. (共和)		共	和

Etymology

Gonghe Regency

Traditionally interpreted as "joint harmony", as during the Gonghe regency, the Zhou Dynasty was considered to be ruled jointly by two dukes; but according to the Bamboo Annals, the Gonghe regency was ruled by a single person—the Count of Gong (共伯), whose name was He (和). This reading has almost certainly been confirmed by a bronze inscription.

republic

Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 共 (きょう)和 (わ) (kyōwa, “republicanism”), which was in turn a semantic readaptation of Chinese 共和 (“Gonghe Regency”) (see above).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): gònghé

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ

  (Chengdu, SP): gong⁴ ho²

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gung⁶ wo⁴
• Gan (Wiktionary): kung⁵ fo⁴
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khiung-fò
• Jin (Wiktionary): gung³ hue¹
• Min Dong (BUC): gê̤ṳng-huò
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): kiōng-hô͘ / kiōng-hô

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gang⁷ hua⁵

• Wu (Wiktionary): gon hhu (T3)
• Xiang (Wiktionary): gong⁵ ho²

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: gònghé
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gonqher
    • IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: gong⁴ ho²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gungxo
    • IPA ^(key): /koŋ²¹³ xo²¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: gung⁶ wo⁴
    • Yale: guhng wòh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gung⁶ wo⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: gung⁶ wo⁴
    • IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ²² wɔː²¹/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: kung⁵ fo⁴
    • IPA ^(key): /kʰuŋ¹¹ fo³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiung-fò
    • Hakka Romanization System: kiung foˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kiung⁴ fo²
    • IPA: /kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ fo¹¹/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: gung³ hue¹
    • IPA (old-style): /kũŋ⁴⁵ xuɤ¹¹/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: gê̤ṳng-huò
    • IPA ^(key): /kyŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^(h-)ŋuo⁵³/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiōng-hô͘
    • Tâi-lô: kiōng-hôo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kioxnghoo
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔ²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: mainstream Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiōng-hô
    • Tâi-lô: kiōng-hô
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kioxnghooi
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gang⁷ hua⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kāng huâ
    • IPA ^(key): /kaŋ¹¹ hua⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: gon hhu (T3)
    • IPA ^(key): /g̊ʊŋ²² ɦv̩ʷ⁴⁴/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: gong⁵ ho²
    • IPA ^(key) (old-style): /kʊŋ²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³/
    • IPA ^(key) (new-style): /kən²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³/

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• Middle Chinese: /ɡɨoŋ^H  ɦuɑ/▼

Rime
Character	共	和
Reading #	2/2	1/2
Initial (聲)	群 (30)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	渠用切	戸戈切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡɨoŋH/	/ɦuɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡioŋH/	/ɦuɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡioŋH/	/ɣuɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/guawŋH/	/ɦwa/
Li Rong	/ɡioŋH/	/ɣuɑ/
Wang Li	/ɡĭwoŋH/	/ɣuɑ/
Bernard Karlgren	/gi̯woŋH/	/ɣuɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiòng	huó

• Old Chinese▼

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s  [ɢ]ˤoj/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡloŋs  ɡoːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	共	和
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gòng	hé
Middle Chinese	‹ gjowngH ›	‹ hwa ›
Old Chinese	/*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s/	/*[ɢ]ˤoj/
English	together, all	harmonious
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	共	和
Reading #	2/2	1/2
No.	4182	4932
Phonetic component	共	禾
Rime group	東	歌
Rime subdivision	0	3
Corresponding MC rime	共	和
Old Chinese	/*ɡloŋs/	/*ɡoːl/

Noun

共和

1. republicanism; republic

Derived terms

• 五族共和
• 共和制 (gònghézhì)

• 共和國／共和国 (gònghéguó)
• 共和黨／共和党 (Gònghédǎng)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (共和):

• Japanese: 共 (きょう)和 (わ) (kyōwa)
• Korean: 공화 (共和, gonghwa)
• Vietnamese: cộng hòa (共和)

See also

• 君主制 (jūnzhǔzhì)

Proper noun

共和

1. (historical) Gonghe Regency (interregnum period in Chinese history from 841 to 828 BCE)
2. (～縣) Gonghe County (county in Qinghai province, China)

Derived terms

• 周召共和

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Japanese

Etymology

Kanji in this term
共	和
きょう Grade: 4	わ Grade: 3
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 共和 (gjowngH hwa)

Pronunciation

• On’yomi
  • (Tokyo) きょーわ [kyòówá] (Heiban – [0])
  • IPA^(key): [kʲo̞ːɰᵝa̠]

Noun

共和 (hiragana きょうわ, rōmaji kyōwa)

1. collaboration; cooperation; working together in harmony
2. republicanism

Derived terms

• 共和国 (きょうわこく) (kyōwakoku)

Descendants

• Chinese: 共和
• Korean: 공화 (gonghwa)
• Vietnamese: cộng hòa

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Korean

Hanja in this term
共	和

Hanja

共和 • (gonghwa) (hangeul 공화)

1. Hanja form^? of 공화 (“universal harmony, republicanism”).

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Vietnamese

Hán tự in this word
共	和

Noun

共和

1. Hán tự form of cộng hòa, “republic”