共和

Chinese

		all together; in while; to share all together; in while; to share; common; general; together; total	mix together; peace; harmony mix together; peace; harmony; and; with; union; cap (a poem); respond in singing; soft; warm
simp. and trad. (共和)		共	和

Etymology

Gonghe Regency

Traditionally interpreted as "joint harmony", as during the Gonghe regency, the Zhou Dynasty was considered to be ruled jointly by two dukes; but according to the Bamboo Annals, the Gonghe regency was ruled by a single person—the Count of Gong (共伯), whose name was He (和). This reading has been confirmed by the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips.

republic

Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 共(きょう)和(わ) (kyōwa, “republicanism”), which was in turn a semantic readaptation of Chinese 共和 (gònghé, “Gonghe Regency”) (see above).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): gònghé

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ

  (Chengdu, SP): gong⁴ ho²

  (Dungan, Cyrillic): гунхә (gunhə, I-I)

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gung⁶ wo⁴
• Gan (Wiktionary): kung⁵ fo⁴
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): khiung-fò

  (Meixian, Guangdong): kiung⁴ fo²

• Jin (Wiktionary): gung³ hue¹
• Min Bei (KCR): gō̤ng-uǎ
• Min Dong (BUC): gê̤ṳng-huò
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): kiōng-hô͘ / kiōng-hô

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gang⁷ hua⁵

• Wu (Wiktionary): gon hhu (T3)
• Xiang (Wiktionary): gong⁵ ho²

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: gònghé
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gonqher
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gònghé
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: gong⁴ ho²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gungxo
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /koŋ²¹³ xo²¹/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic: гунхә (gunhə, I-I)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuŋ²⁴ xə²⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: gung⁶ wo⁴
    • Yale: guhng wòh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gung⁶ wo⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: gung⁶ wo⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ²² wɔː²¹/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: kung⁵ fo⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuŋ¹¹ fo³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiung-fò
    • Hakka Romanization System: kiung foˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kiung⁴ fo²
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ fo¹¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: kiung⁴ fo²
    • Sinological IPA: /cʰiʊŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ fo¹¹/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: gung³ hue¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /kũŋ⁴⁵ xuɤ¹¹/
• Min Bei
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gō̤ng-uǎ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔŋ⁵⁵ ua²¹/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: gê̤ṳng-huò
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^(h-)ŋuo⁵³/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiōng-hô͘
    • Tâi-lô: kiōng-hôo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kioxnghoo
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔ²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiōng-hô
    • Tâi-lô: kiōng-hô
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kioxnghooi
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gang⁷ hua⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kāng huâ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaŋ¹¹ hua⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: gon hhu (T3)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɡ̊ʊŋ²² ɦv̩ʷ⁴⁴/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: gong⁵ ho²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /kʊŋ²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³/
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /kən²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³/

---

• Middle Chinese: /ɡɨoŋ^H  ɦuɑ/

Rime
Character	共	和
Reading #	2/2	1/2
Initial (聲)	群 (30)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	渠用切	戸戈切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡɨoŋH/	/ɦuɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡioŋH/	/ɦuɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡioŋH/	/ɣuɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/guawŋH/	/ɦwa/
Li Rong	/ɡioŋH/	/ɣuɑ/
Wang Li	/ɡĭwoŋH/	/ɣuɑ/
Bernard Karlgren	/gi̯woŋH/	/ɣuɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiòng	huó

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s  [ɢ]ˤoj/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡloŋs  ɡoːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	共	和
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gòng	hé
Middle Chinese	‹ gjowngH ›	‹ hwa ›
Old Chinese	/*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s/	/*[ɢ]ˁoj/
English	together, all	harmonious
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	共	和
Reading #	2/2	1/2
No.	4182	4932
Phonetic component	共	禾
Rime group	東	歌
Rime subdivision	0	3
Corresponding MC rime	共	和
Old Chinese	/*ɡloŋs/	/*ɡoːl/

Noun

共和

1. republicanism; republic

Derived terms

• 中華人民共和國／中华人民共和国 (Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó)
• 五族共和
• 共和制 (gònghézhì)

• 共和國／共和国 (gònghéguó)
• 共和黨／共和党 (Gònghédǎng)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (共和):

• → Japanese: 共和(きょうわ) (kyōwa)
• → Korean: 공화 (共和, gonghwa)
• → Vietnamese: cộng hòa (共和)

See also

• 君主制 (jūnzhǔzhì)

Proper noun

共和

1. (historical) Gonghe Regency (interregnum period in Chinese history from 841 to 828 BCE)
2. (～縣) Gonghe County (a county of Qinghai, China)

Derived terms

• 周召共和

---

Japanese

Etymology

Kanji in this term
共	和
きょう Grade: 4	わ Grade: 3
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 共和 (gjowngH hwa)

Pronunciation

• On’yomi
  • (Tokyo) きょーわ [kyòówá] (Heiban – [0])
  • IPA^(key): [kʲo̞ːɰᵝa̠]

Noun

共和(きょうわ) • (kyōwa) 

1. collaboration; cooperation; working together in harmony
2. republicanism

Derived terms

• 共和国(きょうわこく) (kyōwakoku)

Descendants

• Chinese: 共和 (gònghé)
• Korean: 공화 (gonghwa)
• Vietnamese: cộng hòa

---

Korean

Hanja in this term
共	和

Hanja

共和 • (gonghwa) (hangeul 공화)

1. Hanja form^? of 공화 (“universal harmony, republicanism”).

---

Vietnamese

Hán tự in this term
共	和

Noun

共和

1. Hán tự form of cộng hoà (“republic”).