共和

Chinese

		all together; in while; to share all together; in while; to share; common; general; together; total	mix together; peace; harmony mix together; peace; harmony; and; with; union; cap (a poem); respond in singing; soft; warm
simp. and trad. (共和)		共	和

Etymology

Gonghe Regency

Traditionally interpreted as "joint harmony", as during the Gonghe regency, the Zhou Dynasty was considered to be ruled jointly by two dukes; but according to the Bamboo Annals and other pre-Qin historical records, including the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips, the Gonghe regency was ruled by a single person—the Count of Gong (共伯), named He (和 or 龢, the latter attested in bronze inscriptions). According to Guo Moruo, Gu Jiegang, et al., he and Duke Wu of Wey are the same person. According to multiple dictionaries, e.g., Kangxi Dictionary, Ciyuan, Hanyu Da Cidian, Hanyu Da Zidian, etc., as a state name, 共 should be pronounced as Gōng.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): gònghé

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gong⁴ ho²

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): гунхә (gunhə, I-I)

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gung⁶ wo⁴
• Gan (Wiktionary): kung⁵ fo⁴
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): khiung-fò

  (Hailu, HRS): kiung^˖ fo

  (Meixian, Guangdong): kiung⁴ fo²

• Jin (Wiktionary): gung³ hue¹
• Northern Min (KCR): gō̤ng-uǎ
• Eastern Min (BUC): gê̤ṳng-huò
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): goeng⁵ hor² / gyoeng⁵ hor²
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kiōng-hô͘ / kiōng-hô

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gang⁷ hua⁵

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶gon-wu₆
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gong⁵ ho²

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gònghé
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gònghé
    • Wade–Giles: kung⁴-ho²
    • Yale: gùng-hé
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gonqher
    • Palladius: гунхэ (gunxɛ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: gong⁴ ho²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gungxo
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /koŋ²¹³ xo²¹/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гунхә (gunhə, I-I)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuŋ²⁴ xə²⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gung⁶ wo⁴
    • Yale: guhng wòh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gung⁶ wo⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: gung⁶ wo⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ²² wɔː²¹/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: kung⁵ fo⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuŋ¹¹ fo³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiung-fò
    • Hakka Romanization System: kiung fo^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kiung⁴ fo²
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ fo¹¹/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: kiung^˖ fo
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰiuŋ³³ fo⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: kiung⁴ fo²
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰiʊŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ fo¹¹/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: gung³ hue¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /kuŋ⁴⁵ xuɤ¹¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gō̤ng-uǎ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔŋ⁵⁵ ua²¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: gê̤ṳng-huò
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^(h-)ŋuo⁵³/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: goeng⁵ hor²
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gē̤ng-hó̤
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kœŋ¹¹ hɒ¹³/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: gyoeng⁵ hor²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyøŋ²¹ hɒ²⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiōng-hô͘
    • Tâi-lô: kiōng-hôo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kioxnghoo
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔ²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiōng-hô
    • Tâi-lô: kiōng-hô
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kioxnghooi
    • Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gang⁷ hua⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kāng huâ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaŋ¹¹ hua⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶gon-wu₆
    • MiniDict: gon^去 wu^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³gon-hhu₃
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɡoŋ²² ɦu⁴⁴/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: gong⁵ ho²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /kʊŋ²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³/
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /kən²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³/

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• Middle Chinese: gjowngH hwa

Rime
Character	共	和
Reading #	2/2	1/2
Initial (聲)	群 (30)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	渠用切	戸戈切
Baxter	gjowngH	hwa
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡɨoŋH/	/ɦuɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡioŋH/	/ɦuɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡioŋH/	/ɣuɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/guawŋH/	/ɦwa/
Li Rong	/ɡioŋH/	/ɣuɑ/
Wang Li	/ɡĭwoŋH/	/ɣuɑ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/gi̯woŋH/	/ɣuɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiòng	huó
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gung6	wo4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s  [ɢ]ˤoj/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡloŋs  ɡoːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	共	和
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gòng	hé
Middle Chinese	‹ gjowngH ›	‹ hwa ›
Old Chinese	/*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s/	/*[ɢ]ˁoj/
English	together, all	harmonious
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	共	和
Reading #	2/2	1/2
No.	4182	4932
Phonetic component	共	禾
Rime group	東	歌
Rime subdivision	0	3
Corresponding MC rime	共	和
Old Chinese	/*ɡloŋs/	/*ɡoːl/

Noun

共和

1. republicanism; republic

Derived terms

• 中華人民共和國 / 中华人民共和国 (Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó)
• 五族共和 (wǔzú gònghé)
• 共和主義 / 共和主义 (gònghé zhǔyì)
• 共和制 (gònghézhì)
• 共和國 / 共和国 (gònghéguó)
• 共和聯邦 / 共和联邦 (Gònghé Liánbāng)
• 共和黨 / 共和党 (Gònghédǎng)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (共和):

• → Japanese: 共和(きょうわ) (kyōwa)
• → Korean: 공화(共和) (gonghwa)
• → Vietnamese: cộng hòa (共和)

See also

• 君主制 (jūnzhǔzhì)

Proper noun

共和

1. (historical) Gonghe Regency (interregnum period in Chinese history from 841 to 828 BCE)

   • 共和十四年，大旱，火焚其屋，伯和篡位立，秋，又大旱。其年周厲王死，宣王立。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     共和十四年，大旱，火焚其屋，伯和篡位立，秋，又大旱。其年周厉王死，宣王立。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Bamboo Annals, circa 475 – 221 BCE

     Gònghé shísì nián, dàhàn, huǒ fén qí wū, bó Hé cuànwèi lì, qiū, yòu dàhàn. Qí nián zhōu Lìwáng sǐ, Xuānwáng lì. [Pinyin]

     In the fourteenth year of Gong['s ]He, there was a great drought; a fire burnt his residence. Earl He, by usurping the throne, was established [as ruler]. In autumn, there was another great drought. That year, King Li died; King Xuan was established.

2. (～縣) Gonghe County (a county of Hainan prefecture, Qinghai, China)

Derived terms

• 周召共和

Japanese

Etymology

Kanji in this term
共	和
きょう Grade: 4	わ Grade: 3
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 共和 (gjowngH hwa).

The idea of "government without a king" was later adopted by Japanese geographer Mitsukuri Shōgo in reference to the United States, which he dubbed 共和政治州 (Kyōwa-Seiji-Shū, literally “the States with Cooperative and Harmonious Government”); Mitsukuri anecdotally took this suggestion from a Ruist acquaintance who could only think of the aforementioned regency as the sole example of an East Asian government with no monarch. Later Japanese authors used 共和 in a rather indiscriminate way, for anything from commonwealth, to republic, to democracy. The original translation into Chinese of English republican was Chinese 民主 (mínzhǔ), whence Vietnamese dân chủ (“democracy”).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) きょーわ [kyòówá] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠]

Noun

共(きょう)和(わ) • (kyōwa) 

1. collaboration; cooperation; working together in harmony
2. republicanism

Derived terms

• 共和国(きょうわこく) (kyōwakoku)

Korean

Hanja in this term
共	和

Noun

共和 • (gonghwa) (hangeul 공화)

1. hanja form^? of 공화 (“universal harmony, republicanism”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
共	和

Noun

共和

1. chữ Hán form of cộng hoà (“republic”)