Chinese [ edit ]
mix together; peace; harmony
mix together; peace; harmony; and; with; union; cap (a poem); respond in singing; soft; warm
still; yet; to value
still; yet; to value; to esteem
trad. (和尚 /和尙 )
和
尚 /尙
simp. (和尚 )
和
尚
alternative forms
Etymology [ edit ]
“Senior monk who holds the precepts-granting ceremony; preceptor ” > “high priest; head monk” > “Buddhist monks in general”. First attested in the 3rd–4th centuries CE, as 和上 .
Borrowed from Prakrit uvajjhāa , uajjhāa , ujjhāa , ojjhāa , ojhāa , ujjhā , ujjha (“teacher; religious teacher”), all ultimately derived from Sanskrit उपाध्याय ( upādhyāya , “ teacher; preceptor; spiritual adviser ” ) (Chu, 2002 ). The use of 上 (MC d͡ʑɨɐŋH ) or 尚 (MC d͡ʑɨɐŋH ) to render Prakrit jjhāa /d̚d͡ʑʱɑː.ɐ/ was probably influenced by:
The loss of the nasal –ŋ coda in the ancient northwestern dialect of Middle Chinese, and
The use of phono-semantic matching in transcription, with 尚 taken to mean “noble; virtuous; to revere” (idem ).
Compare Gandhari 𐨀𐨂𐨬𐨗𐨸𐨩 ( uvaj̄aya , “ teacher ” ) , Pali upajjhāya , upajjhā , upajjha ( “ spiritual teacher or preceptor ” ) , Hindi ओझा ( ojhā , “ exorcist ” ) , Sindhi واڍو / वाढो ( vāḍho , “ carpenter ” ) , Assamese ওজা ( üza , “ one well-versed in any art; teacher; sorcerer ” ) , Bengali ওঝা ( ojha , “ snake-charmer; exorcist ” ) , Oriya ଓଝା ( ojha , “ teacher; one who cures snake-bites; wizard; exorcist; title of blacksmiths and carpenters ” ) , Malayalam വാധ്യായന് ( vādhyāyan , “ teacher; family priest ” ) , Tamil வாத்தியார் ( vāttiyār , “ teacher; family priest; one who trains actors and dancers ” ) .
Alternative theories, such as those put forth by Tang Dynasty monks Xuanying and Huiyuan , hypothesise that this was borrowed from Khotanese or language of the Shule Kingdom, but these appear less likely.
Pronunciation [ edit ]
Mandarin
Cantonese
Gan
Hakka
Jin
Min Dong
(Fuzhou )
Bàng-uâ-cê : hù-siông / huò-siông
Sinological IPA (key ) : /hu⁵³⁻²¹ (s-) luɔŋ²⁴²/, /huo⁵³⁻²¹ (s-) luɔŋ²⁴²/
Min Nan
(Hokkien : Xiamen , Taipei , Magong , Hsinchu , Jinjiang , Philippines )
(Hokkien : Quanzhou , Sanxia , Kinmen , Hsinchu )
(Hokkien : Zhangzhou , Tainan )
(Hokkien : Kaohsiung , Yilan , Taichung )
(Hokkien : Lukang )
(Hokkien : Penang )
(Teochew )
Peng'im : huê5 siên7 / huê5 sion7 / hua5 siang6
Pe̍h-ōe-jī -like : huê siēⁿ / huê siōⁿ / huâ siăng
Sinological IPA (key ) : /hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩẽ¹¹/, /hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩõ¹¹/, /hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siaŋ³⁵/
Note :
huê5 siên7/huê5 sion7 - vernacular;
hua5 siang6 - literary.
Wu
Xiang
和尚
( Buddhism ) preceptor ; high priest ; head monk
( by extension ) any Buddhist monk
( Gan ) knee
Synonyms [ edit ]
( Sanskritized transcription in Tang Dynasty ) 鄔波馱耶 /邬波驮耶
( Buddhist monk ) : 僧 (sēng ), 比丘 (bǐqiū ), 僧人 (sēngrén ); ( Hakka ) 和尚仔
( knee ) :
Dialectal synonyms of
膝蓋 (“knee”)
[map]
Variety
Location
Words
Classical Chinese
膝
Formal (Written Standard Chinese )
膝蓋
Mandarin
Beijing
波棱蓋兒 , 胳棱瓣兒 , 磕膝蓋兒
Taiwan
膝蓋
Tianjin
波棱蓋兒 , 磕膝蓋兒 , 脖拉蓋兒 , 脖力蓋兒
Langfang
波了蓋兒
Tangshan
波棱蓋兒
Cangzhou
波拉蓋兒
Baoding
圪拉瓣兒
Shijiazhuang
膝蓋兒 , 磕膝蓋兒
Daming
胳拉伴兒
Ulanhot
波浪蓋兒
Tongliao
波浪蓋兒
Chifeng
簸籮蓋
Bayanhot
波羅蓋
Hulunbuir (Hailar)
波浪蓋兒
Harbin
簸棱蓋兒 , 簸勒蓋兒
Shenyang
波拉蓋兒
Muping
波棱蓋
Qingdao
波羅蓋兒
Jinan
波勒蓋 , 波拉蓋 , 胳拉瓣兒
Luoyang
不老蓋兒 , 圪老拜兒
Wanrong
圪膝蓋 , 膝子蓋
Zhengzhou
不牢蓋兒 , 膝蓋
Xi'an
磕膝蓋
Yinchuan
波里蓋 , 膝蓋
Lanzhou
波膝蓋子 , 玻璃蓋子
Xining
波膝蓋
Ürümqi
波膝蓋兒
Wuhan
磕膝頭 , 磕膝 , 拱子
Huanggang
色頭兒
Chengdu
磕膝頭兒 , 膝蓋
Guiyang
磕膝頭
Kunming
磕膝頭
Guilin
膝蓋
Liuzhou
波羅蓋 , 腳膝蓋
Xuzhou
胳老拜子 , 膝蓋
Yangzhou
磕膝頭子 , 波羅蓋子 dated
Nanjing
磕膝頭 , 磕膝頭兒 , 胳蓋兒
Hefei
胳腦頭子 , 胳腦頭 , 磕膝頭
Nantong
膝頭盤兒
Changle (Qinjiang)
波羅蓋
Singapore
膝蓋
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)
磕膝蓋 , 普膝蓋子
Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan)
磕膝蓋 , 磕膝蓋子 , 洼膝羅子
Cantonese
Guangzhou
膝頭哥 , 膝頭
Hong Kong
膝頭哥 , 膝頭
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)
膝頭哥
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)
膝頭蓋
Hong Kong (Ting Kok)
膝頭
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)
膝頭
Macau
膝頭
Guangzhou (Panyu)
膝頭哥
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)
膝頭哥
Guangzhou (Conghua)
膝頭牯
Guangzhou (Zengcheng)
膝頭
Foshan
膝頭哥
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)
膝頭哥
Foshan (Shunde)
膝頭哥
Foshan (Sanshui)
膝頭哥
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)
膝頭哥
Zhongshan (Shiqi)
膝頭哥
Zhuhai (Qianshan)
膝頭哥
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)
膝頭
Zhuhai (Doumen)
膝頭哥
Jiangmen (Baisha)
膝頭哥
Jiangmen (Xinhui)
膝頭哥
Taishan
膝頭哥 , 膝頭
Kaiping (Chikan)
膝頭哥
Enping (Niujiang)
膝頭哥
Heshan (Yayao)
膝頭蓋
Dongguan
膝頭 , 波羅蓋 , 膝蓋
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)
波羅蓋
Shenzhen (Dapeng)
膝頭
Qingyuan
膝頭哥
Fogang
膝頭哥
Yingde (Hanguang)
膝頭牯
Yangshan
膝頭牯
Lianshan (Butian)
膝頭牯
Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui)
膝頭蓋
Shaoguan
膝頭哥
Shaoguan (Qujiang)
膝頭哥
Renhua
膝頭哥
Lechang
膝頭哥
Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)
膝頭哥
Sihui
膝頭哥
Guangning
膝頭哥
Deqing
膝頭牯 , 膝頭哥
Fengkai (Nanfeng)
膝頭牯
Yunfu
膝頭牯
Xinxing
膝頭哥
Luoding
膝頭哥
Yunan (Pingtai)
膝頭牯
Yangjiang
膝頭
Xinyi
膝頭牯
Lianjiang
膝頭
Nanning
膝頭哥 , 膝頭
Wuzhou
膝頭
Yulin
膝頭
Hepu (Lianzhou)
膝蓋
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)
膝頭哥
Singapore (Guangfu)
膝頭哥
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)
膝頭哥
Gan
Nanchang
膝頭 , 膝頭蓋子 , 磕膝 , 磕膝頭子 , 和尚
Lichuan
膝頭公
Pingxiang
膝頭牯
Hakka
Meixian
膝頭 , 膝頭項
Xingning
膝頭
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)
膝頭
Huizhou (Shuikou Bendihua)
膝頭
Huizhou (Hengli Bendihua)
膝頭
Huidong (Pingshan Bendihua)
膝頭
Huidong (Daling)
膝頭
Dongguan (Qingxi)
膝頭蓋
Longmen (Pingling Bendihua)
膝頭
Longmen (Luxi Bendihua)
膝頭 , 膝頭牯
Boluo (Bendihua)
膝頭
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)
膝頭
Zengcheng (Zhengguo)
膝頭牯
Zhongshan (Wuguishan)
膝頭 , 波羅蓋
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)
波羅蓋
Wuhua (Shuizhai)
膝頭
Wuhua (Huacheng)
膝頭
Wuhua (Changbu)
膝頭
Wuhua (Mianyang)
膝頭
Heyuan (Bendihua)
膝頭
Zijin (Guzhu Bendihua)
膝頭
Longchuan (Tuocheng Bendihua)
膝頭
Longchuan (Sidu Bendihua)
膝頭
Heping (Linzhai Bendihua)
腳頭
Lianping (Zhongxin Bendihua)
膝頭
Lianping (Longjie Bendihua)
膝頭骨
Shaoguan (Qujiang)
膝頭牯
Xinfeng (Matou Bendihua)
膝頭牯
Xinfeng (Daxi Bendihua)
膝頭牯
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)
腳頭牯
Conghua (Lütian)
膝頭
Jiexi
膝頭
Changting
膝頭
Wuping
膝頭
Wuping (Pingyu)
膝頭
Liancheng
膝頭卵
Ninghua
膝頭拐 , 膝頭腦
Yudu
膝頭
Ruijin
膝頭蓋子
Shicheng
膝頭
Shangyou
膝頭腦
Taoyuan
膝頭
Miaoli (N. Sixian)
膝頭 , 腳膝頭
Pingtung (Neipu, S. Sixian)
膝頭 , 腳膝頭
Hsinchu County (Zhudong, Hailu)
膝頭 , 腳膝頭
Taichung (Dongshi, Dabu)
膝頭 , 腳膝頭
Hsinchu County (Qionglin, Raoping)
膝頭 , 腳膝頭
Yunlin (Lunbei, Zhao'an)
膝頭 , 腳膝頭
Hong Kong
膝頭
Luchuan
膝頭
Luchuan (Daqiao)
膝頭 , 膝蓋
Sabah (Longchuan)
膝頭
Senai (Huiyang)
膝頭
Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo)
膝頭
Singkawang
膝頭
Huizhou
Jixi
腳膝頭
Shexian
腳膝頭
Tunxi
腳膝頭
Xiuning
腳膝頭
Yixian
腳膝頭
Qimen
腳膝頭
Wuyuan
腳膝頭
Jin
Taiyuan
圪膝蓋 , 圪地跪
Pingyao
胳膝跪子
Xinzhou
圪替跪 , 圪膝蓋 , 圪膝
Taibus (Baochang)
圪膝蓋
Linhe
波羅蓋 , 波羅蓋子
Jining
圪膝蓋
Hohhot
圪膝蓋 , 圪膝蓋兒 , 圪膝
Baotou
圪膝蓋
Dongsheng
圪膝蓋
Zhangjiakou
胳膝蓋兒
Handan
胳老伴兒
Min Bei
Jian'ou
跤腹頭
Jian'ou (Dikou)
跤腹頭
Songxi
跤腹頭
Zhenghe
跤腹頭
Zhenghe (Zhenqian)
跤神頭 , 跤腹頭
Jianyang
跤腹頭
Wuyishan
跤脊頭
Pucheng (Shibei)
跤腹頭
Min Dong
Fuzhou
跤腹頭
Fuqing
跤肚頭 , 跤腹頭
Gutian
跤腹頭
Ningde
跤骨頭
Zhouning
跤肚頭
Fuding
跤腹頭
Matsu
跤骨頭
Min Nan
Xiamen
跤頭趺
Xiamen (Tong'an)
跤頭趺
Quanzhou
跤頭趺
Jinjiang
跤頭趺
Yongchun
跤頭趺 , 跤頭腕
Dehua
跤頭趺
Zhangzhou
跤頭趺 , 跤尪仔
Zhangzhou (Changtai)
跤腕仔 , 燈火仔
Dongshan
跤頭趺
Taipei
跤頭趺
New Taipei (Sanxia)
跤頭腕
Kaohsiung
跤頭趺 , 跤頭腕
Yilan
跤頭趺 , 跤頭翁仔
Changhua (Lukang)
跤腕 , 跤頭趺 , 跤趺
Taichung
跤頭趺
Taichung (Wuqi)
跤頭趺
Tainan
跤頭趺 , 跤頭腕
Taitung
跤甕
Hsinchu
跤頭趺
Kinmen
跤頭趺
Penghu (Magong)
跤頭趺 , 跤頭腕
Penang (Hokkien)
跤頭趺
Singapore (Hokkien)
跤頭趺
Manila (Hokkien)
跤頭趺
Longyan
跤頭趺
Zhangping
跤趺腕
Zhangping (Yongfu)
跤趺
Datian
跤趺頭
Pingnan (Shangdu)
膝頭
Chaozhou
跤頭趺
Shantou
跤頭 , 跤頭趺
Shantou (Chenghai)
跤頭
Shantou (Chaoyang)
跤頭
Jieyang
跤頭趺
Haifeng
跤頭趺
Bangkok (Teochew)
跤頭趺
Johor Bahru (Teochew)
跤頭趺
Leizhou
跤頭趺 , 跤趺
Wenchang
跤趺
Haikou
跤趺臍 , 跤趺
Qionghai
跤趺
Puxian Min
Putian
跤肚頭
Xianyou
跤肚頭
Min Zhong
Yong'an
跤頭節 , 跤筒節 , 跤際頭節 , 跤仔頭
Sanyuan
跤脊頭
Shaxian
跤子頭
Zhongshan Min
Shaxi (Longdu)
跤瀝頭
Sanxiang
跤頭趺 , 跤即頭
Southern Pinghua
Nanning (Tingzi)
膝頭 , 膝頭蓋 , 膝頭尖
Northern Pinghua
Guilin (Dahe)
屈頭眼
Shehua
Fu'an
腳腹頭
Fuding
腳腹頭
Luoyuan
腳腹頭
Sanming
腳腹頭
Hua'an
腳腹頭
Cangnan
腳腹頭
Fengshun
腳腹頭
Wu
Shanghai
腳饅頭 , 膝饅頭 , 膝蓋
Shanghai (Chongming)
膝饅頭
Suzhou
腳饅頭 , 膝饅頭
Wuxi
膝饅頭
Danyang
膝盤頭 , 膝頭盤 , 膝蓋 , 膝蓋頭
Hangzhou
腳髁頭 , 膝髁頭 , 腳膝髁頭
Ningbo
腳髁頭
Wenzhou
腳胐頭
Jinhua
腳膝䯊
Jinhua (Tangxi)
膝蓋 , 腳膝髁頭
Xiang
Changsha
膝頭骨 , 磕膝骨
Xiangtan
膝頭牯 , 膝蓋
Loudi
膝頭牯
Shuangfeng
膝頭骨
Quanzhou
磕膝頭
Derived terms [ edit ]
Descendants [ edit ]
Others :
→ Tangut: 𗇇𗀒 ( xwa1 śjow2 , 1 hwa1 2 shon2 , xwa śô )
→ Zhuang: hozsiengh
Japanese [ edit ]
Etymology 1 [ edit ]
Alternative spelling
和尙 ( kyūjitai )
Pronunciation [ edit ]
和( お ) 尚( しょう ) • (oshō ) ←をしやう ( wosyau ) ?
( Zen or Pure Land Buddhism ) Buddhist priest
a Buddhist priest who is the head of a temple or in a higher rank.
title and style for high ranked Buddhist priests.
a Buddhist priest master who gives instructions to other priests.
Synonyms [ edit ]
( a Buddhist priest who is the head of the temple or in a higher rank ) : 住職( じゅうしょく ) ( jūshoku )
( a title for Buddhist priests ) : 和( わ ) 上( じょう ) ( wajō ) , 和( わ ) 闍( じょう ) ( wajō )
Etymology 2 [ edit ]
Alternative spelling
和尙 ( kyūjitai )
Pronunciation [ edit ]
和( か ) 尚( しょう ) • (kashō ) ←くわしやう ( kwasyau ) ?
( Tendai or Kegon Buddhism ) preceptor ; high priest
Etymology 3 [ edit ]
Alternative spelling
和尙 ( kyūjitai )
Pronunciation [ edit ]
和( わ ) 尚( じょう ) • (wajō ) ←わじやう ( wazyau ) ?
( Shingon, Hosso, Ritsu or Shin Buddhism ) preceptor ; high priest
References [ edit ]
Vietnamese [ edit ]
和尚
chữ Hán form of hoà thượng ( “ senior Buddhist monk ” ) .