和尚

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See also: 和尙

Chinese

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mix together; peace; harmony
mix together; peace; harmony; and; with; union; cap (a poem); respond in singing; soft; warm
 
still; yet; to value
still; yet; to value; to esteem
 
trad. (和尚/和尙) /
simp. (和尚)
alternative forms
Wikipedia has articles on:

Etymology

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“Senior monk who holds the precepts-granting ceremony; preceptor” > “high priest; head monk” > “Buddhist monks in general”. First attested in the 3rd–4th centuries CE, as 和上.

Borrowed from Prakrit 𑀉𑀯𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (uvajjhāa), 𑀉𑀅𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (uajjhāa), 𑀉𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (ujjhāa), 𑀑𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (ŏjjhāa), 𑀑𑀛𑀸𑀅 (ojhāa), 𑀉𑀚𑁆𑀛 (ujjha, teacher; religious teacher), all from Sanskrit उपाध्याय (upādhyāya, teacher; preceptor; spiritual adviser) (Chu, 2002). The use of (MC dzyangH) or (MC dzyangH) to render Prakrit jjhāa /d̚d͡ʑʱɑː.ɐ/ was probably influenced by:

  1. The weakening of the nasal –ŋ coda in the ancient northwestern dialect of Middle Chinese, and
  2. The use of phono-semantic matching in transcription, with taken to mean “noble; virtuous; to revere” (idem).

Compare Gandhari 𐨀𐨂𐨬𐨗𐨸𐨩 (uvaj̄aya, teacher), Pali upajjhāya, upajjhā, upajjha (spiritual teacher or preceptor), Hindi ओझा (ojhā, exorcist), Sindhi واڍو / वाढो (vāḍho, carpenter), Assamese ওজা (üza, one well-versed in any art; teacher; sorcerer), Bengali ওঝা (ōjha, snake-charmer; exorcist), Odia ଓଝା (ojhā, teacher; one who cures snake-bites; wizard; exorcist; title of blacksmiths and carpenters), Malayalam വാധ്യായൻ (vādhyāyaṉ, teacher; family priest), Tamil வாத்தியார் (vāttiyār, teacher; family priest; one who trains actors and dancers).

Alternative theories, such as those put forth by Tang Dynasty monks Xuanying and Huiyuan, hypothesise that this was borrowed from Khotanese or language of the Shule Kingdom, but these appear less likely.

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • huê5 siên7/huê5 sion7 - vernacular;
  • hua5 siang6 - literary.

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial () (33) (25)
Final () (95) (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed Open
Division () I III
Fanqie
Baxter hwa dzyangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ɦuɑ/ /d͡ʑɨɐŋH/
Pan
Wuyun
/ɦuɑ/ /d͡ʑiɐŋH/
Shao
Rongfen
/ɣuɑ/ /d͡ʑiɑŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ɦwa/ /d͡ʑɨaŋH/
Li
Rong
/ɣuɑ/ /ʑiaŋH/
Wang
Li
/ɣuɑ/ /ʑĭaŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ɣuɑ/ /ʑi̯aŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
huó shàng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
wo4 soeng6

Noun

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和尚

  1. (Buddhism) preceptor; high priest; head monk
  2. (by extension) any Buddhist monk
  3. (Gan) knee

Synonyms

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  • (knee):

Derived terms

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (和尚):

Others:

Japanese

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 和尚 on Japanese Wikipedia

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term

Grade: 3
しょう
Grade: S
tōon kan'on
Alternative spelling
和尙 (kyūjitai)

Pronunciation

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Noun

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()(しょう) (oshōをしやう (wosyau)?

  1. (Zen or Pure Land Buddhism) Buddhist priest
    1. a Buddhist priest who is the head of a temple or in a higher rank.
    2. title and style for high ranked Buddhist priests.
    3. a Buddhist priest master who gives instructions to other priests.
Synonyms
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Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term

Grade: 3
しょう
Grade: S
kan'on
Alternative spellings
和尙 (kyūjitai)
和上

Pronunciation

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Noun

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()(しょう) (kashōくわしやう (kwasyau)?

  1. (Tendai or Kegon Buddhism) preceptor; high priest

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term

Grade: 3
じょう
Grade: S
goon
Alternative spellings
和尙 (kyūjitai)
和上

Pronunciation

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Noun

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()(じょう) (wajōわじやう (wazyau)?

  1. (Shingon, Hosso, Ritsu or Shin Buddhism) preceptor; high priest

References

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  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Vietnamese

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chữ Hán Nôm in this term

Noun

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和尚

  1. chữ Hán form of hoà thượng (senior Buddhist monk).