和尚

See also: 和尙

Chinese

		mix together; peace; harmony mix together; peace; harmony; and; with; union; cap (a poem); respond in singing; soft; warm	still; yet; to value still; yet; to value; to esteem
trad. (和尚/和尙)		和	尚/尙
simp. (和尚)		和	尚
alternative forms		和上 和闍／和阇 和社 鶻社／鹘社 殟社 和上 和闍／和阇 和社 鶻社／鹘社 殟社 烏社／乌社

Etymology

“Senior monk who holds the precepts-granting ceremony; preceptor” > “high priest; head monk” > “Buddhist monks in general”. First attested in the 3rd–4th centuries CE, as 和上.

Borrowed from Prakrit uvajjhāa, uajjhāa, ujjhāa, ojjhāa, ojhāa, ujjhā, ujjha (“teacher; religious teacher”), all ultimately derived from Sanskrit उपाध्याय (upādhyāya, “teacher; preceptor; spiritual adviser”) (Chu, 2002). The use of 上 (MC dzyangH) or 尚 (MC dzyangH) to render Prakrit jjhāa /d̚d͡ʑʱɑː.ɐ/ was probably influenced by:

1. The loss of the nasal –ŋ coda in the ancient northwestern dialect of Middle Chinese, and
2. The use of phono-semantic matching in transcription, with 尚 taken to mean “noble; virtuous; to revere” (idem).

Compare Gandhari 𐨀𐨂𐨬𐨗𐨸𐨩‎ (uvaj̄aya, “teacher”), Pali upajjhāya, upajjhā, upajjha (“spiritual teacher or preceptor”), Hindi ओझा (ojhā, “exorcist”), Sindhi واڍو‎ / वाढो (vāḍho, “carpenter”), Assamese ওজা (üza, “one well-versed in any art; teacher; sorcerer”), Bengali ওঝা (ōjha, “snake-charmer; exorcist”), Oriya ଓଝା (ojha, “teacher; one who cures snake-bites; wizard; exorcist; title of blacksmiths and carpenters”), Malayalam വാധ്യായൻ (vādhyāyaṉ, “teacher; family priest”), Tamil வாத்தியார் (vāttiyār, “teacher; family priest; one who trains actors and dancers”).

Alternative theories, such as those put forth by Tang Dynasty monks Xuanying and Huiyuan, hypothesise that this was borrowed from Khotanese or language of the Shule Kingdom, but these appear less likely.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): héshàng

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄜˊ ㄕㄤˋ

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): хәшон (həšon, I-II) / хуәшон (huəšon, I-II)

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): wo⁴ soeng^6-2

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): vo³ siang^5*

• Gan (Wiktionary): uo⁴ song
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): vò-song

  (Meixian, Guangdong): vo² song⁴

• Jin (Wiktionary): hue¹ son³
• Min Dong (BUC): hù-siông / huò-siông
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): hê-siūⁿ / hêr-siūⁿ / hôe-siōⁿ / hôe-siūⁿ / hêr-siǔⁿ / hôe-siāuⁿ

  (Teochew, Peng'im): huê⁵ siên⁷ / huê⁵ sion⁷ / hua⁵ siang⁶

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Shanghainese): ⁶wu-zaon
• Xiang (Wiktionary): ho² shan⁴

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: héshàng → héshang (toneless final syllable variant)
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˊ ㄕㄤˋ → ㄏㄜˊ ˙ㄕㄤ (toneless final syllable variant)
    • Tongyong Pinyin: héshång
    • Wade–Giles: ho²-shang⁵
    • Yale: hé-shang
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: her.shanq
    • Palladius: хэшан (xɛšan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɤ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/ → /xɤ³⁵ ʂɑŋ³/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хәшон (həšon, I-II) / хуәшон (huəšon, I-II)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xə²⁴ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/, /xuə²⁴ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: wo⁴ soeng^6-2
    • Yale: wòh séung
    • Cantonese Pinyin: wo⁴ soeng^6-2
    • Guangdong Romanization: wo⁴ sêng^6-2
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /wɔː²¹ sœːŋ²²⁻³⁵/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: vo³ siang^5*
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /vᵘɔ²² siaŋ³²⁻³²⁵/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: uo⁴ song
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /uo³⁵ sɔŋ²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vò-song
    • Hakka Romanization System: voˇ song
    • Hagfa Pinyim: vo² song⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /vo¹¹ soŋ⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: vo² song⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /ʋo¹¹ sɔŋ⁵³/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: hue¹ son³
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /xuɤ¹¹ sɒ̃⁴⁵/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: hù-siông / huò-siông
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hu⁵³⁻²¹ ^(s-)luɔŋ²⁴²/, /huo⁵³⁻²¹ ^(s-)luɔŋ²⁴²/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Magong, Hsinchu, Jinjiang, Philippines)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hê-siūⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: hê-siūnn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hesviu
    • IPA (Taipei): /he²⁴⁻¹¹ ɕiũ³³/
    • IPA (Jinjiang, Philippines): /he²⁴⁻²² ɕiũ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /he²⁴⁻²² ɕiũ²²/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Sanxia, Kinmen, Hsinchu)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hêr-siūⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: hêr-siūnn
    • IPA (Kinmen): /hə²⁴⁻¹² ɕiũ²²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hə²⁴⁻²² ɕiũ⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Tainan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hôe-siōⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: huê-siōnn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hoesvioi
    • IPA (Tainan): /hue²⁴⁻³³ ɕiɔ̃³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hue¹³⁻²² ɕiɔ̃²²/
  • (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Yilan, Taichung)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hôe-siūⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: huê-siūnn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hoesviu
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /hue²³⁻³³ ɕiũ³³/
    • IPA (Yilan): /hue²⁴⁻³³ ɕiũ³³/
  • (Hokkien: Lukang)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hêr-siǔⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: hêr-siǔnn
    • IPA (Lukang): /hə²⁴⁻²² ɕiũ³³/
  • (Hokkien: Penang)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hôe-siāuⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: huê-siāunn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hoesviau
    • IPA (Penang): /hue²³⁻²¹ ɕiãu²¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: huê⁵ siên⁷ / huê⁵ sion⁷ / hua⁵ siang⁶
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huê siēⁿ / huê siōⁿ / huâ siăng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩẽ¹¹/, /hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩõ¹¹/, /hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siaŋ³⁵/

Note:

• huê5 siên7/huê5 sion7 - vernacular;
• hua5 siang6 - literary.

Wu

• (Shanghainese)
  • Wugniu: ⁶wu-zaon
  • Wiktionary Romanisation: ³hhu-zaan
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɦu²² zɑ̃⁴⁴/

Xiang

• (Changsha)
  • Wiktionary: ho² shan⁴
  • Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /xo¹³ ʂan⁴⁵/
  • Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /xo¹³ san⁴⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: hwa dzyangH

Rime
Character	和	尚
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)	常 (25)
Final (韻)	戈 (95)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	戸戈切	時亮切
Baxter	hwa	dzyangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦuɑ/	/d͡ʑɨɐŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦuɑ/	/d͡ʑiɐŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣuɑ/	/d͡ʑiɑŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦwa/	/d͡ʑɨaŋH/
Li Rong	/ɣuɑ/	/ʑiaŋH/
Wang Li	/ɣuɑ/	/ʑĭaŋH/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣuɑ/	/ʑi̯aŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	huó	shàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	wo4	soeng6

Noun

和尚

1. (Buddhism) preceptor; high priest; head monk
2. (by extension) any Buddhist monk
3. (Gan) knee

Synonyms

• (Sanskritized transcription in Tang Dynasty) 鄔波馱耶／邬波驮耶
• (Buddhist monk):

Dialectal synonyms of 和尚 (“Buddhist monk”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		和尚, 比丘, 僧, 僧人, 僧侶, 禪師 honorific
Mandarin	Beijing	和尚
	Taiwan	和尚
	Tianjin	和尚
	Chengde	和尚
	Tangshan	和尚
	Cangzhou	和尚
	Baoding	和尚
	Shijiazhuang	和尚
	Chifeng	和尚
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	和尚
	Heihe	和尚
	Qiqihar	和尚
	Harbin	和尚
	Jiamusi	和尚
	Baicheng	和尚
	Changchun	和尚
	Tonghua	和尚
	Shenyang	和尚
	Dandong	和尚
	Jinzhou	和尚
	Dalian	和尚
	Yantai	和尚
	Yantai (Muping)	和尚
	Qingdao	和尚
	Lijin	和尚
	Zhucheng	和尚
	Jinan	和尚, 僧人
	Jining	和尚
	Luoyang	和尚
	Wanrong	和尚
	Shangqiu	和尚
	Yuanyang	和尚
	Zhengzhou	和尚
	Lingbao	和尚
	Xinyang	和尚
	Baihe	和尚
	Hanzhong	和尚
	Xi'an	和尚
	Baoji	和尚
	Yinchuan	和尚
	Tianshui	和尚
	Lanzhou	和尚
	Dunhuang	和尚
	Xining	和尚
	Hami	和尚
	Ürümqi	和尚
	Wuhan	和尚
	Yichang	和尚
	Xiangyang	和尚
	Tianmen	和尚
	Hong'an	和尚
	Chengdu	和尚
	Nanchong	和尚
	Dazhou	和尚
	Hanyuan	和尚
	Xichang	和尚
	Zigong	和尚
	Chongqing	和尚
	Guiyang	和尚, 師父
	Zunyi	和尚
	Bijie	和尚
	Liping	和尚
	Zhaotong	和尚
	Dali	和尚
Kunming	和尚
Mengzi	和尚
Guilin	和尚
Guilin (Lingui)	和尚
Liuzhou	和尚, 師父
Liuzhou (Luorong)	和尚
Nanning (Wuming)	和尚
Jishou	和尚
Changde	和尚
Anqing	和尚
Xuzhou	和尚
Fuyang	和尚
Wuhu	和尚
Yangzhou	和尚
Lianyungang	和尚
Lianshui	和尚
Nanjing	和尚
Hefei	和尚
Nantong	和尚
Singapore	和尚, 師父
Cantonese	Guangzhou	和尚
	Hong Kong	和尚
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	和尚
	Macau	和尚
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	和尚
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	和尚
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	和尚
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	和尚
	Foshan	和尚
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	和尚
	Foshan (Shunde)	和尚
	Foshan (Sanshui)	和尚
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	和尚
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	和尚
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	和尚
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	和尚
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	和尚
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	和尚
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	和尚
	Taishan	和尚
	Kaiping (Chikan)	和尚
	Enping (Niujiang)	和尚
	Heshan (Yayao)	和尚
	Dongguan	和尚
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	和尚
	Qingyuan	和尚
	Fogang	和尚
	Yingde (Hanguang)	和尚
	Yangshan	和尚
	Lianshan (Butian)	和尚
	Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui)	和尚
	Shaoguan	和尚
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	和尚
	Renhua	和尚
	Lechang	和尚
	Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)	和尚
	Sihui	和尚
	Guangning	和尚
	Deqing	和尚
	Huaiji	和尚
	Fengkai (Nanfeng)	和尚
	Yunfu	和尚
	Xinxing	和尚
	Luoding	和尚
	Yunan (Pingtai)	和尚
	Xinyi	和尚
	Lianjiang	和尚
	Nanning	和尚
	Wuzhou	和尚
	Yulin	和尚
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	和尚
	Guiping	和尚
	Mengshan (Xihe)	和尚
	Guigang (Nanjiang)	和尚
	Beiliu (Tangliao)	和尚
	Baise	和尚
	Bobai	和尚
	Lingshan	和尚
	Pubei	和尚
	Qinzhou	和尚
	Beihai	和尚
	Ningming	和尚
	Hengzhou	和尚
	Hezhou (Pumen)	和尚
Gan	Nanchang	和尚
	Pengze	和尚
	Lichuan	和尚
	Pingxiang	和尚
Hakka	Meixian	和尚, 齋公
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	和尚
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	和尚
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	和尚
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	和尚
	Conghua (Lütian)	和尚
	Yudu	和尚
	Ruijin	和尚
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	和尚, 齋公仔
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	和尚, 齋牯, 齋公
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	和尚, 齋公仔
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	和尚, 齋公
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	和尚, 齋公仔
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	和尚
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	和尚
	Beiliu (Tang'an)	和尚
	Mashan (Pianlian)	師父
Huizhou	Jixi	和尚
	Shexian	和尚
Jin	Taiyuan	和尚
	Pingyao	和尚
	Yangyuan	和尚
	Datong	和尚
	Xinzhou	和尚
	Lishi	和尚
	Linfen	和尚
	Changzhi	和尚
	Linhe	和尚
	Jining	和尚
	Hohhot	和尚
	Erenhot	和尚
	Pingshan	和尚
	Zhangjiakou	和尚
	Handan	和尚
	Linzhou	和尚
	Suide	和尚
Min Bei	Jian'ou	道老
	Songxi	長老
	Zhenghe	長老
	Jianyang	長老
	Wuyishan	長老
	Pucheng (Shibei)	長老
Min Dong	Fuzhou	和尚
	Fuqing	和尚, 仙師
Min Nan	Xiamen	和尚
	Quanzhou	和尚
	Zhangzhou	和尚
	Taipei	和尚
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	和尚
	Kaohsiung	和尚
	Yilan	和尚
	Changhua (Lukang)	和尚
	Taichung	和尚
	Tainan	和尚
	Hsinchu	和尚
	Kinmen	和尚
	Penghu (Magong)	和尚
	Penang (Hokkien)	和尚
	Manila (Hokkien)	和尚
	Zhangping (Yongfu)	和尚
	Datian	和尚
	Shunchang (Pushang)	和尚
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	和尚
	Chaozhou	和尚
	Shantou	師父
	Shantou (Chenghai)	師父
	Jieyang	和尚
	Leizhou	和尚
	Haikou	和尚
Puxian Min	Putian (Donghai)	和尚
Min Zhong	Yong'an	和尚, 長老
	Sanyuan	長老
	Shaxian	和尚
Shaojiang Min	Shaowu	和尚
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	和尚
	Sanxiang	和尚
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	和尚
	Nanning (Shajing)	和尚
	Binyang (Xinqiao)	和尚
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	和尚
	Guilin (Chaoyang)	和尚
	Guilin (Zhuyuan)	和尚
	Lingchuan (Tanxia)	和尚
Wu	Shanghai	和尚
	Shanghai (Chongming)	和尚
	Shanghai (Jiading)	和尚
	Shanghai (Songjiang)	和尚
	Suzhou	和尚
	Danyang	和尚
	Hangzhou	和尚
	Ningbo	和尚
	Wenzhou	和尚
	Jinhua	和尚
Xiang	Changsha	和尚
	Loudi	齋公
	Quanzhou	和尚
	Guanyang (Wenshi)	和尚

• (knee):

Dialectal synonyms of 膝蓋 (“knee”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		膝
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		膝蓋
Mandarin	Beijing	波稜蓋兒, 胳稜瓣兒, 磕膝蓋兒
	Taiwan	膝蓋
	Tianjin	波稜蓋兒, 磕膝蓋兒, 脖拉蓋兒, 脖力蓋兒
	Langfang	波了蓋兒
	Tangshan	波稜蓋兒
	Cangzhou	波拉蓋兒
	Baoding	圪拉瓣兒
	Shijiazhuang	膝蓋兒, 磕膝蓋兒
	Daming	胳拉伴兒
	Ulanhot	波浪蓋兒
	Tongliao	波浪蓋兒
	Chifeng	簸籮蓋
	Bayanhot	波羅蓋
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	波浪蓋兒
	Harbin	簸稜蓋兒, 簸勒蓋兒
	Shenyang	波拉蓋兒
	Yantai (Muping)	波稜蓋
	Qingdao	波羅蓋兒
	Jinan	波勒蓋, 波拉蓋, 胳拉瓣兒
	Luoyang	不老蓋兒, 圪老拜兒
	Wanrong	圪膝蓋, 膝子蓋
	Zhengzhou	不牢蓋兒, 膝蓋
	Xi'an	磕膝蓋
	Yinchuan	波里蓋, 膝蓋
	Lanzhou	波膝蓋子, 玻璃蓋子
	Xining	波膝蓋
	Ürümqi	波膝蓋兒
	Wuhan	磕膝頭, 磕膝, 拱子
	Huanggang	色頭兒
	Chengdu	磕膝頭兒, 膝蓋
	Guiyang	磕膝頭
	Kunming	磕膝頭
	Guilin	膝蓋
	Liuzhou	波羅蓋, 腳膝蓋
	Xuzhou	胳老拜子, 膝蓋
	Yangzhou	磕膝頭子, 波羅蓋子 dated
	Nanjing	磕膝頭, 磕膝頭兒, 胳蓋兒
	Hefei	胳腦頭子, 胳腦頭, 磕膝頭
	Nantong	膝頭盤兒
	Changle (Qinjiang)	波羅蓋
	Singapore	膝蓋
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	磕膝蓋, 普膝蓋子
	Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan)	磕膝蓋, 磕膝蓋子, 洼膝羅子
Cantonese	Guangzhou	膝頭哥, 膝頭
	Hong Kong	膝頭哥, 膝頭
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	膝頭哥
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	膝頭蓋
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	膝頭
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	膝頭
	Macau	膝頭
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	膝頭哥
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	膝頭哥
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	膝頭牯
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	膝頭
	Foshan	膝頭哥
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	膝頭哥
	Foshan (Shunde)	膝頭哥
	Foshan (Sanshui)	膝頭哥
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	膝頭哥
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	膝頭哥
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	膝頭哥
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	膝頭
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	膝頭哥
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	膝頭哥
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	膝頭哥
	Taishan	膝頭哥, 膝頭
	Kaiping (Chikan)	膝頭哥
	Enping (Niujiang)	膝頭哥
	Heshan (Yayao)	膝頭蓋
	Dongguan	膝頭, 波羅蓋, 膝蓋
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	波羅蓋
	Shenzhen (Dapeng)	膝頭
	Qingyuan	膝頭哥
	Fogang	膝頭哥
	Yingde (Hanguang)	膝頭牯
	Yangshan	膝頭牯
	Lianshan (Butian)	膝頭牯
	Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui)	膝頭蓋
	Shaoguan	膝頭哥
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	膝頭哥
	Renhua	膝頭哥
	Lechang	膝頭哥
	Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)	膝頭哥
	Sihui	膝頭哥
	Guangning	膝頭哥
	Deqing	膝頭牯, 膝頭哥
	Fengkai (Nanfeng)	膝頭牯
	Yunfu	膝頭牯
	Xinxing	膝頭哥
	Luoding	膝頭哥
	Yunan (Pingtai)	膝頭牯
	Yangjiang	膝頭
	Xinyi	膝頭牯
	Lianjiang	膝頭
	Nanning	膝頭哥, 膝頭
	Wuzhou	膝頭
	Yulin	膝頭
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	膝蓋
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	膝頭哥
	Singapore (Guangfu)	膝頭哥
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	膝頭哥
Gan	Nanchang	膝頭, 膝頭蓋子, 磕膝, 磕膝頭子, 和尚
	Lichuan	膝頭公
	Pingxiang	膝頭牯
Hakka	Meixian	膝頭, 膝頭項
	Xingning	膝頭
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	膝頭
	Huizhou (Shuikou Bendihua)	膝頭
	Huizhou (Hengli Bendihua)	膝頭
	Huidong (Pingshan Bendihua)	膝頭
	Huidong (Daling)	膝頭
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	膝頭蓋
	Longmen (Pingling Bendihua)	膝頭
	Longmen (Luxi Bendihua)	膝頭, 膝頭牯
	Boluo (Bendihua)	膝頭
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	膝頭
	Zengcheng (Zhengguo)	膝頭牯
	Zhongshan (Wuguishan)	膝頭, 波羅蓋
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	波羅蓋
	Wuhua (Shuizhai)	膝頭
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	膝頭
	Wuhua (Changbu)	膝頭
	Wuhua (Mianyang)	膝頭
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	膝頭
	Zijin (Guzhu Bendihua)	膝頭
	Longchuan (Tuocheng Bendihua)	膝頭
	Longchuan (Sidu Bendihua)	膝頭
	Heping (Linzhai Bendihua)	腳頭
	Lianping (Zhongxin Bendihua)	膝頭
	Lianping (Longjie Bendihua)	膝頭骨
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	膝頭牯
	Xinfeng (Matou Bendihua)	膝頭牯
	Xinfeng (Daxi Bendihua)	膝頭牯
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	腳頭牯
	Conghua (Lütian)	膝頭
	Jiexi	膝頭
	Changting	膝頭
	Wuping	膝頭
	Wuping (Pingyu)	膝頭
	Liancheng	膝頭卵
	Ninghua	膝頭拐, 膝頭腦
	Yudu	膝頭
	Ruijin	膝頭蓋子
	Shicheng	膝頭
	Shangyou (Shexi)	膝頭腦
	Taoyuan	膝頭
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	膝頭, 腳膝頭
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	膝頭, 腳膝頭
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	膝頭, 腳膝頭
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	膝頭, 腳膝頭
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	膝頭, 腳膝頭
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	膝頭, 腳膝頭
	Hong Kong	膝頭
	Luchuan	膝頭
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	膝頭, 膝蓋
	Sabah (Longchuan)	膝頭
	Senai (Huiyang)	膝頭
	Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo)	膝頭
	Singkawang	膝頭
Huizhou	Jixi	腳膝頭
	Shexian	腳膝頭
	Tunxi	腳膝頭
	Xiuning	腳膝頭
	Yixian	腳膝頭
	Qimen	腳膝頭
	Wuyuan	腳膝頭
Jin	Taiyuan	圪膝蓋, 圪地跪
	Pingyao	胳膝跪子
	Xinzhou	圪替跪, 圪膝蓋, 圪膝
	Taibus (Baochang)	圪膝蓋
	Linhe	波羅蓋, 波羅蓋子
	Jining	圪膝蓋
	Hohhot	圪膝蓋, 圪膝蓋兒, 圪膝
	Baotou	圪膝蓋
	Dongsheng	圪膝蓋
	Zhangjiakou	胳膝蓋兒
	Handan	胳老伴兒
Min Bei	Jian'ou	跤腹頭
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	跤腹頭
	Songxi	跤腹頭
	Zhenghe	跤腹頭
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	跤神頭, 跤腹頭
	Jianyang	跤腹頭
	Wuyishan	跤脊頭
	Pucheng (Shibei)	跤腹頭
Min Dong	Fuzhou	跤腹頭
	Fuqing	跤肚頭, 跤腹頭
	Gutian	跤腹頭
	Ningde	跤骨頭
	Zhouning	跤肚頭
	Fuding	跤腹頭
	Matsu	跤骨頭
Min Nan	Xiamen	跤頭趺
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	跤頭趺
	Quanzhou	跤頭趺
	Jinjiang	跤頭趺
	Yongchun	跤頭趺, 跤頭腕
	Dehua	跤頭趺
	Zhangzhou	跤頭趺, 跤尪仔
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	跤腕仔, 燈火仔
	Dongshan	跤頭趺
	Taipei	跤頭趺
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	跤頭腕
	Kaohsiung	跤頭趺, 跤頭腕
	Yilan	跤頭趺, 跤頭翁仔
	Changhua (Lukang)	跤腕, 跤頭趺, 跤趺
	Taichung	跤頭趺
	Taichung (Wuqi)	跤頭趺
	Tainan	跤頭趺, 跤頭腕
	Taitung	跤甕
	Hsinchu	跤頭趺
	Kinmen	跤頭趺
	Penghu (Magong)	跤頭趺, 跤頭腕
	Penang (Hokkien)	跤頭趺
	Singapore (Hokkien)	跤頭趺
	Manila (Hokkien)	跤頭趺
	Longyan	跤頭趺
	Zhangping	跤趺腕
	Zhangping (Yongfu)	跤趺
	Datian	跤趺頭
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	膝頭
	Chaozhou	跤頭趺
	Shantou	跤頭, 跤頭趺
	Shantou (Chenghai)	跤頭
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	跤頭
	Jieyang	跤頭趺
	Haifeng	跤頭趺
	Bangkok (Teochew)	跤頭趺
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	跤頭趺
	Singapore (Teochew)	跤頭趺
	Leizhou	跤頭趺, 跤趺
	Wenchang	跤趺
	Haikou	跤趺臍, 跤趺
	Qionghai	跤趺
Puxian Min	Putian	跤肚頭
	Xianyou	跤肚頭
Min Zhong	Yong'an	跤頭節, 跤筒節, 跤際頭節, 跤仔頭
	Sanyuan	跤脊頭
	Shaxian	跤子頭
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	跤瀝頭
	Sanxiang	跤頭趺, 跤即頭
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	膝頭, 膝頭蓋, 膝頭尖
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	屈頭眼
Shehua	Fu'an	腳腹頭
	Fuding	腳腹頭
	Luoyuan	腳腹頭
	Sanming	腳腹頭
	Hua'an	腳腹頭
	Cangnan	腳腹頭
	Fengshun	腳腹頭
Wu	Shanghai	腳饅頭, 膝饅頭, 膝蓋
	Shanghai (Chongming)	膝饅頭
	Suzhou	腳饅頭, 膝饅頭
	Wuxi	膝饅頭
	Danyang	膝盤頭, 膝頭盤, 膝蓋, 膝蓋頭
	Hangzhou	腳髁頭, 膝髁頭, 腳膝髁頭
	Ningbo	腳髁頭
	Wenzhou	腳胐頭
	Jinhua	腳膝䯊
	Jinhua (Tangxi)	膝蓋, 腳膝髁頭
Xiang	Changsha	膝頭骨, 磕膝骨
	Xiangtan	膝頭牯, 膝蓋
	Loudi	膝頭牯
	Shuangfeng	膝頭骨
	Quanzhou	磕膝頭

Derived terms

• 丈二和尚摸不著頭腦／丈二和尚摸不著头脑 (zhàng èr héshàng mō bù zháo tóunǎo)
• 做一天和尚撞一天鐘／做一天和尚撞一天钟 (zuò yītiān héshang zhuàng yītiān zhōng)
• 前門不進師姑，後門不進和尚／前门不进师姑，后门不进和尚
• 和尚吃八方
• 和尚在，缽盂在／和尚在，钵盂在
• 和尚打傘／和尚打伞
• 和尚打傘，無法無天／和尚打伞，无法无天
• 和尚拖木頭／和尚拖木头
• 和尚海豹
• 和尚無兒孝子多／和尚无儿孝子多
• 和尚跟著月亮走／和尚跟着月亮走
• 和尚頭／和尚头 (héshangtóu)
• 堂頭和尚／堂头和尚
• 大和尚
• 姑子死和尚
• 對著和尚罵賊禿／对着和尚骂贼禿
• 小和尚念經／小和尚念经
• 山和尚 (shānhéshàng)
• 布袋和尚
• 打完齋唔要和尚／打完斋唔要和尚
• 指住禿奴罵和尚／指住秃奴骂和尚
• 法海和尚
• 油花和尚
• 漏春和尚
• 當一天和尚撞一天鐘／当一天和尚撞一天钟
• 當家和尚／当家和尚
• 瘸和尚說法／瘸和尚说法
• 老和尚撞鐘／老和尚撞钟
• 老和尚看嫁妝／老和尚看嫁妆
• 花和尚 (huāhéshàng)
• 見了和尚罵賊禿／见了和尚骂贼秃
• 走了和尚走不了廟／走了和尚走不了庙
• 跑了和尚跑不了廟／跑了和尚跑不了庙
• 跳牆和尚／跳墙和尚
• 躲得和尚躲不得寺
• 遠來的和尚好看經／远来的和尚好看经
• 遠來的和尚會念經／远来的和尚会念经
• 非洲和尚
• 非洲和尚——乞人憎

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (和尚):

• → Japanese: 和(お)尚(しょう) (oshō); 和(か)尚(しょう) (kashō); 和(わ)尚(じょう) (wajō)
• → Korean: 화상(和尙) (hwasang)
• → Vietnamese: hoà thượng (和尚)

Others:

• → Tangut: 𗇇𗀒 (*xwa¹ śjow²)
• → Zhuang: hozsiengh

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
和	尚
お Grade: 3	しょう Grade: S
tōon	kan’on

Alternative spelling
和尙 (kyūjitai)

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) お​しょー [óꜜshòò] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [o̞ɕo̞ː]

Noun

和(お)尚(しょう) • (oshō) ^{←をしやう (wosyau)?}

1. (Zen or Pure Land Buddhism) Buddhist priest
   1. a Buddhist priest who is the head of a temple or in a higher rank.
   2. title and style for high ranked Buddhist priests.
   3. a Buddhist priest master who gives instructions to other priests.

Synonyms

• (a Buddhist priest who is the head of the temple or in a higher rank): 住職(じゅうしょく) (jūshoku)
• (a title for Buddhist priests): 和(わ)上(じょう) (wajō), 和(わ)闍(じょう) (wajō)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
和	尚
か Grade: 3	しょう Grade: S
kan’on

Alternative spellings
和尙 (kyūjitai) 和上

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) か​しょー [káꜜshòò] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ka̠ɕo̞ː]

Noun

和(か)尚(しょう) • (kashō) ^{←くわしやう (kwasyau)?}

1. (Tendai or Kegon Buddhism) preceptor; high priest

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
和	尚
わ Grade: 3	じょう Grade: S
goon

Alternative spellings
和尙 (kyūjitai) 和上

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) わ​じょー [wáꜜjòò] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ɰᵝa̠ʑo̞ː]

Noun

和(わ)尚(じょう) • (wajō) ^{←わじやう (wazyau)?}

1. (Shingon, Hosso, Ritsu or Shin Buddhism) preceptor; high priest

Vietnamese

chữ Hán in this term
和	尚

Noun

和尚

1. chữ Hán form of hoà thượng (“senior Buddhist monk”).