塞

Translingual

Han character

塞 (radical 32 土+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 十廿金土 (JTCG), four-corner 3010₄, composition ⿱𡨄土)

1. stop up, block, seal, cork
2. pass, frontier; border
3. fortress

References

• KangXi: page 236, character 9
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5349
• Dae Jaweon: page 474, character 2
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 475, character 1
• Unihan data for U+585E

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		塞

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 塞
Oracle bone script	Large seal script	Small seal script

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): sāi, sài, sè (sai¹, sai⁴, se⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄙㄞ, ㄙㄞˋ, ㄙㄜˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): coi³, sak¹
• Min Nan (POJ): sat / sài

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Beijing)⁺
    • Pinyin: sāi
    • Zhuyin: ㄙㄞ
    • Wade-Giles: sai¹
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sai
    • IPA ^(key): /saɪ̯⁵⁵/
    • 
      
  • (Standard Chinese, Beijing)⁺
    • Pinyin: sài
    • Zhuyin: ㄙㄞˋ
    • Wade-Giles: sai⁴
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: say
    • IPA ^(key): /saɪ̯⁵¹/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, Beijing)⁺
    • Pinyin: sè
    • Zhuyin: ㄙㄜˋ
    • Wade-Giles: sê⁴
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: seh
    • IPA ^(key): /sɤ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: coi³, sak¹
    • Yale: choi, sāk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tsoi³, sak⁷
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/, /sɐk̚⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sat / sài
    • Tâi-lô: sat / sài
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sad, saix
    • IPA (Taipei): /sat̚³²/, /saɪ¹¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /sat̚³²/, /saɪ²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: /sʌi^H/, /sək̚/▼

Rime
Character	塞	塞
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	心 (16)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	咍 (41)	德 (131)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	先代切	蘇則切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/sʌiH/	/sək̚/
Pan Wuyun	/səiH/	/sək̚/
Shao Rongfen	/sɒiH/	/sək̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/səjH/	/sək̚/
Li Rong	/sᴀiH/	/sək̚/
Wang Li	/sɒiH/	/sək̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/sɑ̆iH/	/sək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	sài	se

• Old Chinese▼

  (Baxter-Sagart): /*[s]ˤək-s/, /*[s]ˤək/

  (Zhengzhang): /*slɯːɡs/, /*slɯːɡ/

Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	塞	塞	塞
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	sài	sài	sè
Middle Chinese	‹ sojH ›	‹ sojH ›	‹ sok ›
Old Chinese	/*[s]ˤək-s/	/*[s]ˤək-s/	/*[s]ˤək/
English	frontier	pass (n.)	stop up, block (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	塞	塞
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	10958	10961
Phonetic component	塞	塞
Rime group	代	職
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	賽	塞
Old Chinese	/*slɯːɡs/	/*slɯːɡ/

Verb

塞

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Compounds

• sāi
  • 塞車／塞车 (sāichē)
  • 塞牙
  • 塞子
• sài
  • 活塞 (huósāi)
  • 塞北
  • 塞爾維亞／塞尔维亚 (Sāi'ěrwéiyà)
  • 塞拉利昂 (Sàilālì'áng)
  • 塞納河／塞纳河
  • 塞內加爾／塞内加尔 (Sàinèijiā'ěr)
  • 塞浦路斯 (Sàipǔlùsī)
  • 塞舌爾／塞舌尔 (Sàishé'ěr)
  • 塞外
  • 塞維利亞／塞维利亚
  • 塞翁失馬／塞翁失马 (sàiwēngshīmǎ)
• sè
  • 塞擦音 (sècāyīn)
  • 塞音 (sèyīn)
  • 塞責／塞责

References

• (Min Nan) “Entry #9387”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.

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Japanese

Kanji

塞

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Goon: そく (soku), さい (sai)
• Kan’on: そく (soku), さい (sai)
• Kun: ふさぐ (fusagu), みちる (michiru), とりで (toride)

Compounds

• 活塞 (かっそく) ‎(kassoku, “piston”)
• 塞翁 (さいおう) ‎(saiō)
• 城塞 (じょうさい) ‎(jōsai)
• 要塞 (ようさい) ‎(yōsai)

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Korean

Hanja

塞 • ‎(sae, saek) (hangeul 새, 색, revised sae, saek, McCune-Reischauer sae, saek, Yale say, sayk)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

塞 (tắc, tái)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.