塞

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塞 U+585E, 塞
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-585E
← 塝
[U+585D] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 塟 →
[U+585F]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

塞 (radical 32, 土+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 十廿金土 (JTCG), four-corner 30104, composition ⿱𡨄土)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 236, character 9
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5349
  • Dae Jaweon: page 474, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 475, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+585E

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 塞

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 塞
Shang Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
塞-oracle.svg 塞-seal.svg 塞-bigseal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (塞) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
賽 *slɯːɡs
塞 *slɯːɡs, *slɯːɡ
簺 *slɯːɡs
僿 *hljɯɡs
寨 *zraːds, *slɯːɡ

Oracle bone script: Ideogrammic compound (會意): 宀 (“house”) + 工 (“two items”) + 廾 (“two hands”) – stuffing the house with items.

Shuowen: Ideogrammic compound (會意): 𡨄 + 土 (“soil”).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • sāi - vernacular (“to stuff; to be jammed; stopper”);
  • sāir - “stopper”;
  • sēi - low vernacular (“to stuff”);
  • sè - literary.
  • Cantonese
  • Hakka
  • Min Dong
    • Note:
    • sék - vernacular;
    • sáik - literary.
  • Min Nan
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 塞
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 心 (16)
    Final (韻) 德 (131)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 蘇則切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/sək̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/sək̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/sək̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/sək̚/
    Li
    Rong         		/sək̚/
    Wang
    Li         		/sək̚/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/sək̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		se
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		sak1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 塞
    Reading # 2/3
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		sài
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ sojH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[s]ˁək-s/
    English pass (n.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 塞
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 10961
    Phonetic
    component         		塞
    Rime
    group         		職
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		塞
    Old
    Chinese         		/*slɯːɡ/

    Definitions[edit]

    塞

    1. to stop up; to block up
    2. to stuff; to cram; to squeeze in
      將報紙塞落對鞋度 [Cantonese, trad.]
      将报纸塞落对鞋度 [Cantonese, simp.]
      zoeng1 bou3 zi2 sak1 lok6 deoi3 haai4 dou6 [Jyutping]
      to shove newspaper into a pair of shoes
    3. to be blocked; to be jammed
    4. to forbid; to suppress; to prohibit
    5. to satisfy; to fulfil
    6. to compensate; to remedy
    7. to answer; to repay
    8. to manage to arrange a position for someone
    9. to practise bribe
    10. to evade; to stall
    11. stopper; cork
    12. to be in a difficult position; destitute
    13. honest; truthful

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 塞

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Rime
    Character 塞
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 心 (16)
    Final (韻) 咍 (41)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 先代切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/sʌiH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/səiH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/sɒiH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/səjH/
    Li
    Rong         		/sᴀiH/
    Wang
    Li         		/sɒiH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/sɑ̆iH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		sài
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		soi3
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 塞
    Reading # 1/3
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		sài
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ sojH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[s]ˁək-s/
    English frontier

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 塞
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 10958
    Phonetic
    component         		塞
    Rime
    group         		代
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		賽
    Old
    Chinese         		/*slɯːɡs/

    Definitions[edit]

    塞

    1. (historical) place of strategic importance; pass; fortress
    2. to build fortress; to construct fortifications
    3. frontier; border
    4. (specifically) the northern frontier of imperial China, as demarcated by the Great Wall
    5. Alternative form of 賽／赛 (sài, “to compete, contend; contest, race”).
    6. Alternative form of 簺 (sài, “an ancient gambling game”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 塞

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    塞

    (common “Jōyō” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    English Translations and Definitions To block; to shut off; to close.

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 塞 (MC sʌiH).

    Historical readings

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    塞 (eumhun 변방(邊方) 새 (byeonbang sae))

    1. Hanja form? of 새 (“frontier; border”).
    2. Hanja form? of 새 (“fortress”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 2[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 塞 (MC sək̚).

    Historical readings

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    塞 (eumhun 막을 색 (mageul saek))

    1. Hanja form? of 색 (“block”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    塞: Hán Nôm readings: tắc, tái

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