閉塞
Appearance
See also: 闭塞
Chinese
[edit]to close; stop up; shut to close; stop up; shut; obstruct |
to stuff; to stop up; to squeeze in to stuff; to stop up; to squeeze in; strategic pass; piston; unenlightened; Serb (abbrev.); Serbian | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (閉塞) | 閉 | 塞 | |
| simp. (闭塞) | 闭 | 塞 | |
Etymology
[edit]- block system
- Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 閉塞 (heisoku, “blockade”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): bai3 sak1
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): pi-set
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pì-sek / pì-sak
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
- Hanyu Pinyin: bìsè
- Zhuyin: ㄅㄧˋ ㄙㄜˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: bìsè
- Wade–Giles: pi4-sê4
- Yale: bì-sè
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bihseh
- Palladius: бисэ (bisɛ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /pi⁵¹⁻⁵³ sɤ⁵¹/
- Homophones:
蔽塞
閉塞 / 闭塞
- (Standard Chinese)
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: bai3 sak1
- Yale: bai sāk
- Cantonese Pinyin: bai3 sak7
- Guangdong Romanization: bei3 seg1
- Sinological IPA (key): /pɐi̯³³ sɐk̚⁵/
- Homophones:
蔽塞
閉塞 / 闭塞
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pi-set
- Hakka Romanization System: bi sedˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: bi4 sed5
- Sinological IPA: /pi⁵⁵ set̚²/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pì-sek
- Tâi-lô: pì-sik
- Phofsit Daibuun: pieseg
- Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /pi²¹⁻⁵³ siɪk̚³²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pì-sak
- Tâi-lô: pì-sak
- Phofsit Daibuun: piesag
- Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /pi⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sak̚⁵/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
Verb
[edit]閉塞
Synonyms
[edit]- 不通 (bùtōng)
- 堵塞
- 堵截 (dǔjié)
- 堵窒 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
- 妨礙 / 妨碍 (fáng'ài)
- 徑杈 / 径杈 (Hakka)
- 截 (jié)
- 掛礙 / 挂碍 (guà'ài)
- 擋 / 挡
- 擋住 / 挡住 (dǎngzhù)
- 攔 / 拦 (lán)
- 攔住 / 拦住 (lánzhù)
- 攔截 / 拦截 (lánjié)
- 攔擋 / 拦挡 (lándǎng)
- 攔閘 / 拦闸 (Hokkien)
- 攔阻 / 拦阻 (lánzǔ)
- 有礙 / 有碍 (yǒu'ài)
- 梗塞
- 滯滯 / 滞滞 (Hokkien)
- 滯礙 / 滞碍 (zhì'ài)
- 礙噠 / 碍哒 (ngai5 da) (Xiang)
- 窒礙 / 窒碍 (zhì'ài) (literary)
- 蔽塞 (bìsè) (literary)
- 蔽障 (bìzhàng)
- 遮 (literary, or in compounds)
- 邀 (yāo)
- 阻住 (zo2 zyu6) (Cantonese)
- 阻塞
- 阻撓 / 阻挠 (zǔnáo)
- 阻擋 / 阻挡 (zǔdǎng)
- 阻攔 / 阻拦 (zǔlán)
- 阻滯 / 阻滞 (zǔzhì)
- 阻礙 / 阻碍 (zǔ'ài)
- 阻窒 (Hokkien)
- 障礙 / 障碍 (zhàng'ài)
Antonyms
[edit]Noun
[edit]閉塞
Adjective
[edit]閉塞
Synonyms
[edit]- (hard to get to):
- (unenlightened):
Antonyms
[edit]- (antonym(s) of “unenlightened”):
Japanese
[edit]| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 閉 | 塞 |
| へい Grade: 6 |
そく Grade: S |
| on'yomi | |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 閉そく |
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 閉塞する
| Plain | 閉塞する | へーそく・する | [hèésókú sùrú] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conjunctive | 閉塞して | へーそく・して | [hèésókú shìté] |
| Perfective | 閉塞した | へーそく・した | [hèésókú shìtá] |
| Negative | 閉塞しない | へーそく・しない | [hèésókú shìnáí] |
| Negative perfective | 閉塞しなかった | へーそく・しなかった | [hèésókú shìnáꜜkàttà] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 閉塞すれば | へーそく・すれば | [hèésókú sùréꜜbà] |
| Past conditional | 閉塞したら | へーそく・したら | [hèésókú shìtáꜜrà] |
| Imperative | 閉塞しろ 閉塞せよ |
へーそく・しろ へーそく・せよ |
[hèésókú shìró] [hèésókú séꜜyò] |
| Volitional | 閉塞しよう | へーそく・しよー | [hèésókú shìyóꜜò] |
| Desiderative | 閉塞したい | へーそく・したい | [hèésókú shìtáí] |
| Formal | 閉塞します | へーそく・します | [hèésókú shìmáꜜsù] |
| Formal negative | 閉塞しません | へーそく・しません | [hèésókú shìmáséꜜǹ] |
| Formal volitional | 閉塞しましょう | へーそく・しましょー | [hèésókú shìmáshóꜜò] |
| Formal perfective | 閉塞しました | へーそく・しました | [hèésókú shìmáꜜshìtà] |
| Continuative | 閉塞し 閉塞しに |
へーそく・し へーそく・しに |
[hèésókú shì] [hèésókú shì ní] |
| Negative continuative | 閉塞せず 閉塞せずに |
へーそく・せず へーそく・せずに |
[hèésókú séꜜzù] [hèésókú séꜜzù nì] |
| Passive | 閉塞される | へーそく・される | [hèésókú sàrérú] |
| Causative | 閉塞させる 閉塞さす |
へーそく・させる へーそく・さす |
[hèésókú sàsérú] [hèésókú sàsú] |
| Potential | 閉塞できる | へーそく・できる | [hèésókú dèkíꜜrù] |
Noun
[edit]Related terms
[edit]- 閉塞感 (heisokukan)
Verb
[edit]閉塞する • (heisoku suru) suru (stem 閉塞し (heisoku shi), past 閉塞した (heisoku shita))
Conjugation
[edit]| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 閉塞し | へいそくし | heisoku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 閉塞し | へいそくし | heisoku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 閉塞する | へいそくする | heisoku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 閉塞する | へいそくする | heisoku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 閉塞すれ | へいそくすれ | heisoku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 閉塞せよ¹ 閉塞しろ² |
へいそくせよ¹ へいそくしろ² |
heisoku seyo¹ heisoku shiro² |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 閉塞される | へいそくされる | heisoku sareru |
| Causative | 閉塞させる 閉塞さす |
へいそくさせる へいそくさす |
heisoku saseru heisoku sasu |
| Potential | 閉塞できる | へいそくできる | heisoku dekiru |
| Volitional | 閉塞しよう | へいそくしよう | heisoku shiyō |
| Negative | 閉塞しない | へいそくしない | heisoku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 閉塞せず | へいそくせず | heisoku sezu |
| Formal | 閉塞します | へいそくします | heisoku shimasu |
| Perfective | 閉塞した | へいそくした | heisoku shita |
| Conjunctive | 閉塞して | へいそくして | heisoku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 閉塞すれば | へいそくすれば | heisoku sureba |
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
References
[edit]- “閉塞”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
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