獄

See also: 狱

獄	U+7344, 獄 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7344

← 獃
[U+7343]

CJK Unified Ideographs

獅 →
[U+7345]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

獄 (radical 94, 犬+11, 14 strokes, cangjie input 大竹卜口大 (KHYRK), four-corner 4323₄, composition ⿰狺犬)

Derived characters[edit]

𭗢, 嶽, 𧀀, 𡽺, 𩁓, 鸑(𬸚), 𡈭

Related characters[edit]

狱 (Simplified Chinese)

References[edit]

KangXi: page 717, character 3
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 20603
Dae Jaweon: page 1128, character 22
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1365, character 16
Unihan data for U+7344

Chinese[edit]

trad.		獄
simp.		狱

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (獄) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
嶽	*ŋroːɡ
鸑	*ŋroːɡ
哭	*ŋ̊ʰoːɡ
獄	*ŋoɡ

Ideogrammic compound (會意): 㹜 (“two dogs”) + 言 (“words”) (㹜 = 犭 + 犬, two forms of “dog”). A place where dogs are barking (言) at each other, a jail with guard dogs.

Pronunciation[edit]

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yù (yu⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄩˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): juk⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ngiu̍k

(Meixian, Guangdong): ngiug⁶
Min Bei (KCR): ngṳ̀
Min Dong (BUC): ngṳ̆k / ngŏk
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): ga̍k / gio̍k / ge̍k

(Teochew, Peng'im): ghêg⁸
Wu (Wiktionary): nyoq (T5)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: yù
  - Zhuyin: ㄩˋ
  - Wade–Giles: yü⁴
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yiw
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yù
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /y⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: juk⁶
  - Yale: yuhk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: juk⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: yug⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jʊk̚²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiu̍k
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngiug
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngiug⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /ɲi̯uk̚⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ngiug⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /ɲiʊk̚⁵/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngṳ̀
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋy⁴²/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ngṳ̆k / ngŏk
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋyʔ⁵/, /ŋouʔ⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ga̍k
  - Tâi-lô: ga̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gak
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡak̚¹²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡak̚²⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /ɡak̚⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gio̍k
  - Tâi-lô: gio̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: giok
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡiɔk̚²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡiɔk̚¹²¹/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ge̍k
  - Tâi-lô: gi̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gek
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡiɪk̚⁴/

Note:

ga̍k - vernacular;
ge̍k/gio̍k - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: ghêg⁸
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ge̍k
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɡek̚⁴/

Wu

(Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: nyoq (T5)
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /n̠ʲʊʔ¹²/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 獄
Mandarin	Beijing	/y⁵¹/
	Harbin	/y⁵³/
	Tianjin	/y⁵³/
	Jinan	/y²¹/
	Qingdao	/y⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/y²⁴/
	Xi'an	/y²¹/
	Xining	/y⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/y¹³/
	Lanzhou	/y¹³/
	Ürümqi	/y²¹³/
	Wuhan	/iəu²¹³/
	Chengdu	/yo³¹/ /y¹³/
	Guiyang	/iu²¹/
	Kunming	/iu³¹/
	Nanjing	/ʐuʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/yəʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/yəʔ²/
	Pingyao	/yʌʔ¹³/
	Hohhot	/y⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦioʔ⁵/ /ɦyɪʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/ȵioʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/ɦioʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/ȵo²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/niu²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/ȵiu¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/ʐəu²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/iəɯ²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/ȵiuʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/ŋiuk̚⁵/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/ŋiuk̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jok̚²/
	Nanning	/juk̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/juk̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/giɔk̚⁵/ /gak̚⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/ŋoʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/ŋy⁴²/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/gek̚⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/zok̚³/

Middle Chinese: /ŋɨok̚/

Rime
Character	獄
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	燭 (8)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	魚欲切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋɨok̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋiok̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋiok̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋuawk̚/
Li Rong	/ŋiok̚/
Wang Li	/ŋĭwok̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋi̯wok̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yù

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ]rok/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋoɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	獄
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yù
Middle Chinese	‹ ngjowk ›
Old Chinese	/*[ŋ]rok/
English	lawsuit; prison
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	獄
Reading #	1/1
No.	16032
Phonetic component	獄
Rime group	屋
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	玉
Old Chinese	/*ŋoɡ/

Definitions[edit]

獄

prison
lawsuit; case
- 小大之獄，雖不能察，必以情。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  小大之狱，虽不能察，必以情。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Commentary of Zuo, circa 4^th century BCE
  Xiǎo dà zhī yù, suī bùnéng chá, bì yǐ qíng. [Pinyin]
  Though unable personally to attend to the details of all trials, big and small, I always demand the facts.

Synonyms[edit]

Dialectal synonyms of 監獄 (“jail; prison”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		監獄, 監牢, 牢獄, 牢房
Mandarin	Beijing	監獄
	Taiwan	監獄
	Tianjin	監獄
	Tangshan	監獄
	Cangzhou	監獄, 班房兒
	Baoding	監獄
	Shijiazhuang	監獄
	Harbin	監獄, 牢, 笆籬子
	Shenyang	牢, 班房, 笆籬子
	Hailar	監獄, 笆籬子
	Chifeng	監獄
	Jinan	監獄, 監牢獄, 監
	Muping	監牢獄, 監獄
	Luoyang	監, 牢
	Xi'an	監獄, 監, 牢
	Qingdao	監牢獄
	Zhengzhou	監獄, 監, 牢
	Xining	牢, 班房
	Xuzhou	監獄, 牢, 大圈兒, 八號兒
	Yinchuan	監獄, 牢, 班房
	Lanzhou	監獄, 班房子, 班房
	Ürümqi	監獄, 牢, 笆籬子, 班房子
	Wuhan	監獄, 牢, 班房
	Chengdu	牢, 班房
	Guiyang	監獄, 班房
	Guilin	監獄, 牢
	Liuzhou	監獄, 牢
	Kunming	監獄, 牢, 班房
	Yangzhou	牢監, 牢, 班房
	Nanjing	牢
	Hefei	監獄
	Nantong	監牢, 牢
	Singapore	監牢
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	班房子, 獄監
Cantonese	Guangzhou	監倉
Cantonese	Hong Kong	監獄, 監倉, 祠堂
Gan	Nanchang	牢監, 班房
Gan	Pingxiang	班房
Hakka	Meixian	監房
	Yudu	班房
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	監獄
	Liudui (S. Sixian)	監獄, 監獄仔
	Hsinchu (Hailu)	監獄
	Dongshi (Dabu)	監獄
	Hsinchu (Raoping)	監獄
	Yunlin (Zhao'an)	監獄
Huizhou	Jixi	監牢
Huizhou	Shexian	監牢, 牢
Jin	Taiyuan	牢, 班房
	Xinzhou	監牢, 監, 牢房, 牢, 班房
	Jining	班房
	Hohhot	監獄, 監, 牢, 獄, 班房
	Linhe	監獄, 監, 牢, 班房子
	Zhangjiakou	監獄, 牢
	Handan	監獄, 房子
Min Bei	Jian'ou	班房
Min Dong	Fuzhou	監牢
Min Nan	Xiamen	監獄, 監牢, 館仔 dated, 櫳仔 dated, 櫳間 dated, 鴿仔空 dated
	Quanzhou	監獄, 監牢
	Zhangzhou	監獄, 監牢, 館仔 dated, 櫳仔 dated
	Taipei	內籬仔 GT
	Tainan	監獄, 監牢, 櫳仔, 櫳仔間
	Penang (Hokkien)	跤跔, 跤跔間
	Singapore (Hokkien)	監牢, 釘鏈間
	Shantou	監獄
	Singapore (Teochew)	監牢
	Leizhou	監倉
Wu	Shanghai	牢監
	Hangzhou	牢監
	Wenzhou	牢監, 班房
	Chongming	監牢
	Danyang	監牢
	Jinhua	監牢
	Ningbo	牢監, 監牢
Xiang	Loudi	班房, 籠子
Note	GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

Compounds[edit]

三字獄／三字狱
下地獄／下地狱
下獄／下狱 (xiàyù)
人間地獄／人间地狱 (rénjiān dìyù)
入獄／入狱 (rùyù)
具獄／具狱
典獄／典狱 (diǎnyù)
典獄長／典狱长 (diǎnyùzhǎng)
冤獄／冤狱 (yuānyù)
出獄／出狱 (chūyù)
劫獄／劫狱 (jiéyù)
問事獄具／问事狱具
地獄／地狱 (dìyù)
執獄／执狱
外役監獄／外役监狱
大獄／大狱
岸獄／岸狱
左獄／左狱
巫蠱之獄／巫蛊之狱
巴士底獄／巴士底狱 (Bāshìdǐ Yù)
折獄／折狱
拔舌地獄／拔舌地狱
政清獄簡／政清狱简
斃獄／毙狱

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

Readings[edit]

Go-on: ごく (goku, Jōyō)
Kan-on: ぎょく (gyoku)
Kun: ひとや (hitoya, 獄)

Compounds[edit]

獄(ごく)衣(い) (gokui): prison clothes
獄則(ごくそく) (gokusoku): prison rules
地(じ)獄(ごく) (jigoku): hell
辺獄(へんごく) (hengoku): (theology) limbo
煉獄(れんごく) (rengoku): (theology) purgatory

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
獄
ごく Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 獄 (ngjowk, “prison”).

Pronunciation[edit]

On’yomi: Goon
- (Tokyo) ごく [góꜜkù] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]
- IPA^(key): [ɡo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]

Noun[edit]

獄(ごく) • (goku)

prison

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
獄
ひとや Grade: S
kun’yomi

Alternative spellings	人屋囚獄

Compound of 人 (hito, “human”) +‎ 屋 (ya, “house”).^[3]^[1]

Pronunciation[edit]

(Tokyo) ひとや [hìtóyá] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [çi̥to̞ja̠]

Noun[edit]

獄(ひとや) • (hitoya)

prison

References[edit]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

獄 • (ok) (hangeul 옥)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

獄 (ngục)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings[edit]

Nôm: ngục

References[edit]

Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999

[DJR-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] 2.0 ^2.1 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

[KDJ-3] 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

[1]

[2]

[3]

獄

Contents

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

Derived characters[edit]

Related characters[edit]

References[edit]

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Definitions[edit]

Synonyms[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

References[edit]

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

Readings[edit]

References[edit]

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