空しい

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Japanese

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Kanji in this term
むな
Grade: 1
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
虚しい

Etymology

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From Old Japanese. Appears in the earliest texts of the 700s CE, including the Nihon Shoki and the Man'yōshū.[1] Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *muna.

Analyzable as むな (muna, cavity, void, open space, combining form, spelled variously as , , , ; cognate with standalone nouns (mune, chest), (mune, roof ridge)) + adjective-forming suffix しい (shii).

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of inflected forms of 「空しい
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Continuative (連用形) 空しく しく
なし
[mùnáꜜshìkù]
[mùnáshíꜜkù]
Terminal (終止形) 空しい なし [mùnáshíꜜì]
Attributive (連体形) 空しい なし [mùnáshíꜜì]
Key constructions
Informal negative 空しくない しくない
なしくない
[mùnáꜜshìkùnàì]
[mùnáshíꜜkùnàì]
Informal past 空しかった しかった
なしかった
[mùnáꜜshìkàttà]
[mùnáshíꜜkàttà]
Informal negative past 空しくなかった しくなかった
なしくなかった
[mùnáꜜshìkùnàkàttà]
[mùnáshíꜜkùnàkàttà]
Formal 空しいです なしいです [mùnáshíꜜìdèsù]
Conjunctive 空しくて しくて
なしくて
[mùnáꜜshìkùtè]
[mùnáshíꜜkùtè]
Conditional 空しければ しければ
なしければ
[mùnáꜜshìkèrèbà]
[mùnáshíꜜkèrèbà]

Adjective

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(むな)しい (munashii-i (adverbial (むな)しく (munashiku))

  1. empty, hollow, void
    Synonyms: 空っぽ (karappo), 虚ろ (utsuro), 空虚 (kūkyo)
  2. groundless, baseless, false
    Synonyms: 事実無根 (jijitsu mukon), 無実 (mujitsu)
  3. uncertain, unreliable, vain, futile
    Synonyms: (temporary, not the real thing) 仮初め (karisome), (vain) 儚い (hakanai)
  4. dead, lifeless
  5. unthinking (about someone), unattached (to someone)

Inflection

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References

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  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN