楓

See also: 枫

楓 U+6953, 楓 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6953 ← 楒 [U+6952] CJK Unified Ideographs 楔 → [U+6954]

Translingual

Han character

楓 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 木竹弓戈 (DHNI), four-corner 4791₀, composition ⿰木風)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 539, character 8
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 15126
• Dae Jaweon: page 926, character 21
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1253, character 8
• Unihan data for U+6953

Chinese

trad.		楓
simp.		枫

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (凡) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
嵐	*b·ruːm
葻	*b·uːm
釩	*pʰomʔ
汎	*pʰoms, *bum
凡	*bom
帆	*bom, *boms
颿	*bom, *boms
軓	*bomʔ
梵	*bloms, *bum
芃	*boːŋ, *bum
風	*plum, *plums
飌	*plum
楓	*plum
猦	*plum
偑	*plum
檒	*plum
瘋	*plum
諷	*plums
堸	*blum
渢	*blum
鳳	*bums

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *plum) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 風 (OC *plum, *plums)

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): fēng (feng¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄈㄥ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): fung¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): phûng

  (Meixian, Guangdong): fung¹

• Eastern Min (BUC): hŭng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): png / puiⁿ / hong

  (Teochew, Peng'im): bung¹ / beng¹ / bang¹

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹fon

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: fēng
    • Zhuyin: ㄈㄥ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: fong
    • Wade–Giles: fêng¹
    • Yale: fēng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: feng
    • Palladius: фэн (fɛn)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɤŋ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: fung¹
    • Yale: fūng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: fung¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: fung¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fʊŋ⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phûng
    • Hakka Romanization System: pung^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: pung¹
    • Sinological IPA: /pʰuŋ²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: fung¹
    • Sinological IPA: /fʊŋ⁴⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: hŭng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /huŋ⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: png
    • Tâi-lô: png
    • Phofsit Daibuun: pngf
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /pŋ̍³³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /pŋ̍⁴⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: puiⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: puinn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: pvuy
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /puĩ⁴⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hong
    • Tâi-lô: hong
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hofng
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔŋ³³/

Note:

• png/puiⁿ - vernacular;
• hong1 - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: bung¹ / beng¹ / bang¹
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: pung / pṳng / pang
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /puŋ³³/, /pɯŋ³³/, /paŋ³³/

Note:

• bung1 - Chaozhou;
• beng1 - Jieyang;
• bang1 - Chaozhou, Jieyang.

• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹fon
    • MiniDict: fon^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹fon
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /foŋ⁵³/

---

• Middle Chinese: pjuwng

Rime
Character	楓
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	幫 (1)
Final (韻)	東 (2)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	方戎切
Baxter	pjuwng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pɨuŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/piuŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/piuŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/puwŋ/
Li Rong	/piuŋ/
Wang Li	/pĭuŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/pi̯uŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	fēng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fung1

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*plum/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	楓
Reading #	1/1
No.	2923
Phonetic component	凡
Rime group	侵
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	風
Old Chinese	/*plum/

Definitions

楓

1. maple (tree)

Synonyms

• 槭 (qī)

Compounds

• 三角楓／三角枫 (sānjiǎofēng)
• 丹楓／丹枫 (dānfēng)
• 元寶楓／元宝枫
• 八角楓科／八角枫科 (bājiǎo fēngkē)
• 廉錦楓／廉锦枫
• 椏楓／桠枫
• 楓丹白露／枫丹白露 (Fēngdānbáilù)
• 楓宸／枫宸
• 楓林／枫林 (Fēnglín)
• 楓林上城／枫林上城 (Fēnglínshàngchéng)
• 楓梨／枫梨 (fēnglí)
• 楓樹／枫树 (fēngshù)
• 楓橋／枫桥 (Fēngqiáo)
• 楓橋夜泊／枫桥夜泊 (fēngqiáoyèbó)
• 楓糖／枫糖 (fēngtáng)
• 楓香／枫香
• 雲楓／云枫 (Yúnfēng)
• 青楓／青枫

 

Japanese

Kanji

楓

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

1. maple
2. Liquidambar formosana, Chinese sweetgum tree, Formosan sweetgum tree

Readings

• Go-on: ふう (fū)
• Kan-on: ほう (hō)
• Kun: かえで (kaede)、かいで (kaide)、かつら (katsura)、おかつら (okatsura)

Compounds

Compounds

Kun'yomi:

• 楓科(かえでか) (kaedeka): the maple family, Aceraceae
• 楓棚(かえでだな) (kaededana): a type of shelf in a tokonoma or study, with four legs and eight shelves
• 楓鳥(かえでちょう) (kaedechō), カエデチョウ (kaedechō): the black-rumped waxbill, a type of estrildid finch common in Africa and introduced to Japan in the 1960s
• 楓鳥科(かえでちょうか) (kaedechōka), かえでちょうか: genus Estrilda
• 楓紅葉(かえでもみじ) (kaede momiji): maple leaves that have turned red in autumn; a style of layered clothing with light yellow-green on the outside and yellow or orange-red on the inside

On'yomi:

• 楓蚕(ふうさん) (fūsan): alternative for 天蚕蛾 (tegusuga, “Japanese silkworm moth, Antheraea yamamai”)
• 風樹(ふうじゅ) (fūju): the Formosan gum tree; the maple
• 楓糖(ふうとう) (fūtō): maple syrup
• 楓葉(ふうよう) (fūyō): maple leaves that have turned red in autumn

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
楓
かえで Jinmeiyō
kun'yomi

Alternative spellings
槭 槭樹

楓 (kaede): maple leaves and seeds.

/kaperu te/ → /kaperude/ → /kaferude/ → /kafede/ → /kaede/

From Old Japanese かへるて, as this word first appears in the Man'yōshū of 759 CE.

Originally a compound of 蛙 (kaeru, “frog”) +‎ 手 (te, “hand”), with the te changing to de due to rendaku (連濁), and the ru dropping out over time. From the way the palmate leaves resemble a frog's foot.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) かえで [kàédé] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [ka̠e̞de̞]

Noun

楓(かえで) • (kaede) ^{←かへで (kafede)?}

1. the maple tree
2. a color scheme for 襲 (kasane, “layered kimono”, literally “layering”), where both the outer and inner layers are light green
3. a kind of 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”), featuring a maple-leaf design
4. (term of endearment) a child's hand (from the resemblance in shape between a hand with splayed fingers and a maple leaf)

Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as カエデ.

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 楓(かえで)の木(き) (kaede no ki), 楓(かえで)の樹(き) (kaede no ki): a maple tree
• 楓(かえで)の間(ま) (Kaede no Ma): the Maple Room, one of the shogun sitting rooms in Edo Castle

Proper noun

楓(かえで) • (Kaede) 

1. a female given name

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
楓
かいで Jinmeiyō
kun'yomi

/kaede/ → /kaide/

Shift in pronunciation of kaede.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ka̠ide̞]

Noun

楓(かいで) • (kaide) 

1. (uncommon, possibly obsolete) alternative for kaede above: the maple tree

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
楓
かつら Jinmeiyō
kun'yomi

楓 (katsura): katsura leaves and seeds.

From Old Japanese. Less common spelling for 桂 (katsura).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) かつら [kàtsúrá] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [ka̠t͡sɨɾa̠]

Noun

楓(かつら) • (katsura) 

1. 桂: the katsura tree, Cercidiphyllum japonicum
2. 桂: (Chinese mythology) the kind of tree that grows on the moon

Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as カツラ.

The katsura reading is rare for this kanji. When referring to the katsura tree, the 桂 spelling is used more often to avoid confusion.

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
楓
おかつら Jinmeiyō
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. Alternative spelling for 男桂 (okatsura, “male katsura”), an archaic name for the katsura tree. Compare 女桂 (mekatsura, “female katsura: the cinnamon tree”). Appears with this reading in the 和名類聚抄 (Wamyō Ruijushō), a Japanese dictionary of Chinese characters completed in 938.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [o̞ka̠t͡sɨɾa̠]

Noun

楓(おかつら) • (okatsura) ^{←をかつら (wokatura)?} (alternative reading hiragana おかづら, rōmaji okazura)

1. (obsolete) the katsura tree, Cercidiphyllum japonicum

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
楓
ふう Jinmeiyō
goon

楓 (fū): sweetgum leaves and seeds.

From Middle Chinese 楓 (MC pjuwng).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ふう [fúꜜù] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ɸɯ̟ː]

Noun

楓(ふう) or 楓(フウ) • (fū) 

1. the Formosan sweetgum tree, Liquidambar formosana
2. in certain kanji compounds, the maple tree

Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as フウ.

Idioms

Idioms

• 楓呉江(ふうごこう)に落(お)つ (fū Gokō ni otsu): “the fū leaves falling in Wujiang” → being disappointed in the reality of something after having lofty ideas about it; from a story in the New Book of Tang about an inspiring poem from an otherwise uninspiring poet
• 楓葉衰(ふうようおとろ)えて盧橘花開(ろきつはなひら)く (fūyō otoroete rokitsu hana hiraku): “the red sweetgum/maple leaves fade, and the kumquat flowers open” → a metaphor for the turning of the seasons

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 楓 (MC pjuwng).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	Recorded as Middle Korean 보ᇰ (Yale: pwòng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
	Gloss (hun)	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[1]	싣나모 푸ᇰ	Recorded as Middle Korean 푸ᇰ (phwung) (Yale: phwùng) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Gwangju Cheonjamun, 1575	싯나모 풍	Recorded as Middle Korean 풍 (phwung) (Yale: phwung) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [pʰuŋ]
• Phonetic hangul: [풍]

Hanja

楓 (eumhun 단풍나무 풍 (danpungnamu pung))

1. hanja form^? of 풍 (“maple (tree)”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 단풍 (丹楓, danpung)
• 풍국 (楓菊, pungguk)
• 상풍 (霜楓, sangpung)
• 풍엽 (楓葉, pung'yeop)
• 관풍 (觀楓, gwanpung)
• 풍림 (楓林, pungnim)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

Han character

楓: Hán Nôm readings: phong

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