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恨

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
恨 U+6068, 恨
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6068
← 恧
[U+6067] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 恩 →
[U+6069]

Translingual

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Stroke order
9 strokes

Han character

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恨 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+6, 9 strokes, Cangjie input 心日女 (PAV), four-corner 97032, composition ⿰忄艮)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 385, character 9
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10588
  • Dae Jaweon: page 716, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2299, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+6068

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 恨

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (艮) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
艱 *krɯːn
齦 *kʰrɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *ŋɯn
眼 *ŋrɯːnʔ
蛝 *ɡrɯːn
限 *ɡrɯːnʔ
硍 *ɡrɯːnʔ
豤 *kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰuːn
詪 *ɡlɯːnʔ, *kɯːnʔ, *kɯːns
根 *kɯːn
跟 *kɯːn
珢 *kɯːn, *kɯːns, *ŋrɯn
艮 *kɯːns
茛 *kɯːns
墾 *kʰɯːnʔ
懇 *kʰɯːnʔ
垠 *ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn, *ŋɯn
泿 *ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn
痕 *ɡɯːn
拫 *ɡɯːn
鞎 *ɡɯːn
很 *ɡɯːnʔ
恨 *ɡɯːns
銀 *ŋrɯn
檭 *ŋrɯn

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡɯːns): semantic 忄 (“heart; thought; emotion”) + phonetic 艮 (OC *kɯːns).

Pronunciation

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  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 恨
Mandarin Beijing /xən⁵¹/
Harbin /xən⁵³/
Tianjin /xən⁵³/
Jinan /xẽ²¹/
Qingdao /xə̃⁴²/
Zhengzhou /xən³¹²/
Xi'an /xẽ⁴⁴/
Xining /xə̃²¹³/
Yinchuan /xəŋ¹³/
Lanzhou /xə̃n¹³/
Ürümqi /xɤŋ²¹³/
Wuhan /xən³⁵/
Chengdu /xən¹³/
Guiyang /xen²¹³/
Kunming /xə̃²¹²/
Nanjing /xən⁴⁴/
Hefei /xən⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /xəŋ⁴⁵/ 仇～
/xəŋ⁵³/ ～人
Pingyao /xəŋ⁵³/
/xəŋ³⁵/
Hohhot /xə̃ŋ⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /ɦəŋ²³/
Suzhou /ɦən³¹/
Hangzhou /ɦen¹³/
Wenzhou /ɦaŋ²²/
Hui Shexian /xʌ̃²²/
Tunxi /xɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /xən⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /hən⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /hɛn²¹/
Hakka Meixian /hen⁵³/
Taoyuan /hen⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hɐŋ²²/
Nanning /hɐn²²/
Hong Kong /hɐŋ²²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hun²²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /hɔuŋ²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xaiŋ⁴⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /hɯŋ³⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hun³³/
Rime
Character 恨
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 痕 (53)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 胡艮切
Baxter honH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦənH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦənH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣənH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦənH/
Li
Rong 		/ɣənH/
Wang
Li 		/ɣənH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ɣənH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		hèn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		han6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 恨
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hèn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ honH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[m-q]ˁə[n]-s/
English regret

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 恨
Reading # 1/1
No. 3938
Phonetic
component 		艮
Rime
group 		文
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		恨
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡɯːns/

Definitions

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恨

  1. to resent; to hate
    可恨  ―  kěhèn  ―  abominable
    我恨死你了！  ―  Wǒ hèn sǐ nǐ le!  ―  I hate you to death!
  2. to regret; to pity
    恨不得  ―  hènbùdé  ―  to wish that one could (literally, “to regret that one may not”)
    恨鐵不成鋼／恨铁不成钢  ―  hèntiěbùchénggāng  ―  to pity someone's lack of improvement
    1. (chiefly literary) to pine; to long for; to miss; to suffer from intense desire
  3. hatred; dislike
    抱恨  ―  bàohèn  ―  to be bitterly regretful
    懷恨在心／怀恨在心  ―  huáihènzàixīn  ―  to harbour hatred; to entertain hateful thoughts
  4. (Cantonese) to be eager for something

Synonyms

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Dialectal synonyms of 恨 (“to hate”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 怨
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 恨, 憎恨, 嫌惡, 怨恨
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 恨
Taiwan 恨
Malaysia 恨
Singapore 恨
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 恨
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 恨
Ürümqi 恨
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 恨
Wuhan 恨, 懥怨
Liuzhou 恨
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 恨
Hefei 恨
Cantonese Guangzhou 憎, 嬲
Hong Kong 憎
Dongguan 憎
Yangjiang 嬲
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 憎
Singapore (Guangfu) 憎
Gan Nanchang 恨
Hakka Meixian 恨
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 恨
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 恨
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 恨
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 恨
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 恨
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 恨
Jin Taiyuan 恨
Xinzhou 恨
Northern Min Jian'ou 恨
Eastern Min Fuzhou 恨
Southern Min Xiamen 恨, 猌
Zhangzhou 猌
Tainan 恨, 猌
Penang (Hokkien) 猌, 惱
Singapore (Hokkien) 猌
Chaozhou 恨
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 恨
Wu Suzhou 恨
Wenzhou 恨
Xiang Changsha 恨
Shuangfeng 馮, 恨

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (恨):
  • → Japanese: 恨(こん) (kon)
  • → Korean: 한(恨) (han)
  • → Vietnamese: hận (恨)

References

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  • “恨”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
  • 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long]; 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu]; 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying]; 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019), “恨”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 231.

Japanese

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Kanji

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恨

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. to resent; to hate; be hostile to

Readings

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  • Go-on: ごん (gon)
  • Kan-on: こん (kon, Jōyō)
  • Kun: うらむ (uramu, 恨む, Jōyō)、うらめしい (urameshii, 恨めしい, Jōyō)

Compounds

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Etymology

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Kanji in this term
恨
はん
Grade: S
irregular

From Korean 한(恨) (han).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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恨(ハン) • (han) 

  1. han (resentment as a part of the Korean cultural identity)

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 恨 (MC honH).

Historical readings
Dongguk Jeongun reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅘᅳᆫ〮 (Yale: hhún)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 애ᄃᆞᆯ (Yale: aytol) ᄒᆞᆫ (Yale: hon)

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ha̠(ː)n]
  • Phonetic hangul: [한(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

恨 (eumhun 한탄할 한 (hantanhal han))

  1. hanja form? of 한 (“deep-seated resentment”) [noun]
  2. hanja form? of 한 (“to resent; to hate”) [affix]

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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恨: Hán Việt readings: hận[1][2][3][4][5][6], hàn[7]
恨: Nôm readings: hờn[1][2][3][4][5][6][7], hằn[1][3][4][5][6][7], giận[1][2][3][4], hẹn[1], ngẩn[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of hận (“(literary) hatred, resentment”)
  2. chữ Nôm form of giận (“angry”)
  3. chữ Nôm form of hằn (“(only in compounds) hatred”)
  4. chữ Nôm form of hẹn (“to make an appointment; to arrange or promise (to meet)”)
  5. chữ Nôm form of hờn (“to be sulky; to bear hatred against”)
  6. chữ Nôm form of ngẩn (“stupefied; stunned; astounded”)

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Hồ (1976).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Génibrel (1898).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Bonet (1899).
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