墾

See also: 垦

墾 U+58BE, 墾 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58BE ← 墽 [U+58BD] CJK Unified Ideographs 墿 → [U+58BF]

Translingual

Han character

墾 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+13, 16 strokes, cangjie input 月女土 (BVG), four-corner 2710₄, composition ⿱貇土)

Derived characters

• 𡓚 𮒰

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 240, character 3
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5509
• Dae Jaweon: page 479, character 23
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 492, character 4
• Unihan data for U+58BE

Chinese

trad.		墾
simp.		垦*
alternative forms		𡍭 𡓚

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (艮) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
艱	*krɯːn
齦	*kʰrɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *ŋɯn
眼	*ŋrɯːnʔ
蛝	*ɡrɯːn
限	*ɡrɯːnʔ
硍	*ɡrɯːnʔ
豤	*kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰuːn
詪	*ɡlɯːnʔ, *kɯːnʔ, *kɯːns
根	*kɯːn
跟	*kɯːn
珢	*kɯːn, *kɯːns, *ŋrɯn
艮	*kɯːns
茛	*kɯːns
墾	*kʰɯːnʔ
懇	*kʰɯːnʔ
垠	*ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn, *ŋɯn
泿	*ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn
痕	*ɡɯːn
拫	*ɡɯːn
鞎	*ɡɯːn
很	*ɡɯːnʔ
恨	*ɡɯːns
銀	*ŋrɯn
檭	*ŋrɯn

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰɯːnʔ): semantic 土 (“earth/soil”) + phonetic 貇. It expresses the meaning of clearing and opening up land.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kěn (ken³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄣˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): han²
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): khién

  (Hailu, HRS): kien^ˊ

  (Meixian, Guangdong): kên³

• Eastern Min (BUC): kōng
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): kyng³ / koeng³ / king³
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): khún

  (Teochew, Peng'im): keng² / kiang²

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kěn
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄣˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kěn
    • Wade–Giles: kʻên³
    • Yale: kěn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: keen
    • Palladius: кэнь (kɛnʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰən²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: han²
    • Yale: hán
    • Cantonese Pinyin: han²
    • Guangdong Romanization: hen²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐn³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khién
    • Hakka Romanization System: kien^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kian³
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯en³¹/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: kien^ˊ
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰien²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: kên³
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰɛn³¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: kōng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰouŋ³³/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian, Nanri)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: kyng³
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: kṳ̂ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰyŋ⁴⁵³/
  • (Xianyou, Youyang)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: kyng³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰyŋ³³²/
  • (Jiangkou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: koeng³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰœŋ⁴⁵³/
  • (Fengting)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: king³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiŋ³³²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khún
    • Tâi-lô: khún
    • Phofsit Daibuun: quon
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰun⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰun⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰun⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰun⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰun⁴¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: keng² / kiang²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khṳ́ng / khiáng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɯŋ⁵²/, /kʰiaŋ⁵²/

Note:

• keng2 - Chaozhou, Chenghai, Raoping, Shantou;
• kiang2 - Chaoyang, Jieyang.

---

• Middle Chinese: khonX

Rime
Character	墾
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	痕 (53)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	康很切
Baxter	khonX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰənX/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰənX/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰənX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰənX/
Li Rong	/kʰənX/
Wang Li	/kʰənX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰənX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kěn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	han2

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰɯːnʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	墾
Reading #	1/1
No.	3930
Phonetic component	艮
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	墾
Old Chinese	/*kʰɯːnʔ/

Definitions

墾

1. to cultivate; to reclaim wasteland
2. to till; to plow

Compounds

• 墾地 / 垦地 (kěndì)
• 墾殖 / 垦殖 (kěnzhí)
• 墾田 / 垦田
• 墾荒 / 垦荒 (kěnhuāng)
• 墾闢 / 垦辟
• 屯墾 / 屯垦 (túnkěn)
• 山田燒墾 / 山田烧垦
• 排水開墾 / 排水开垦
• 濫墾 / 滥垦
• 耕墾 / 耕垦
• 農墾 / 农垦 (nóngkěn)
• 開墾 / 开垦 (kāikěn)
• 鹽墾 / 盐垦

References

• “墾”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) “垦”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 230.

Japanese

Kanji

墾

(Jōyō kanji)

1. to till, to plough
2. to cultivate; to reclaim wasteland

Readings

• Go-on: こん (kon, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: こん (kon, Jōyō)
• Kun: ひらく (hiraku, 墾く)、たがやす (tagayasu, 墾す)、はる (haru, 墾る)

Compounds

Derived terms

• 墾(こん)田(でん) (konden, “newly cultivated field”)
• 墾(こん)化(か) (konka, “cultivation of land”)
• 墾(こん)芸(げい) (kongei)
• 墾(こん)荒(こう) (konkō, “reclaiming land”)
• 墾(こん)耕(こう) (konkō, “cultivation”)
• 墾(こん)鑿(さく) (konsaku, “plowing land and digging ditches”)
• 墾(こん)種(しゅ) (konshu, “plowing and cultivation”)
• 墾(こん)除(じょ) (konjo, “plowing/cultivating land”)
• 墾壌(こん) (konjō, “cultivation”)
• 墾(こん)殖(しょく) (konshoku, “plowing and cultivation”)
• 墾(こん)植(しょく) (konshoku, “same as 墾殖”)
• 墾(こん)耨(じょく) (konjoku, “clearing and pruning of land”)
• 墾(こん)草(そう) (konsō, “cultivation of grassland”)
• 墾(こん)発(ぱつ) (konpatsu, “cultivation”)
• 墾(こん)辟(ぺき) (konpeki, “cultivation”)
• 墾(こん)闢(ぺき) (konpeki, “cultivation”)
• 墾(こん)民(みん) (konmin, “settler, colonist”)
• 墾(はり)道(みち) (harimichi, “newly-cleared road”)
• 開(かい)墾(こん) (kaikon, “cultivation, clearing”)
• 耕(こう)墾(こん) (kōkon, “plowing and cultivation”)
• 鉏墾
• 新(しん)墾(こん) (shinkon, “reclaiming, cultivation”)
• 償墾
• 備墾
• 闢(へき)墾(こん) (hekikon, “cultivation”)
• 翻墾

Korean

Hanja

墾 • (gan) (hangeul 간, revised gan, McCune–Reischauer kan)

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Vietnamese

Han character

墾: Hán Nôm readings: khẩn

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