昔
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Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]昔 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 廿日 (TA), four-corner 44601, composition ⿱龷日)
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 492, character 5
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13816
- Dae Jaweon: page 855, character 2
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1488, character 11
- Unihan data for U+6614
Chinese
[edit]simp. and trad. |
昔 | |
---|---|---|
alternative forms | 㫺 ancient form 𣊦 ancient form 𦠡 ancient form |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 昔 | ||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Old Chinese | |
---|---|
借 | *ʔsjaːɡs, *ʔsjaːɡ |
唶 | *ʔsjaːɡs |
藉 | *zjaːɡs, *zjaːɡ |
躤 | *zjaːɡs |
蜡 | *zraːɡs, *sʰaːɡs |
齰 | *zraːɡs, *zraːɡ |
醋 | *sʰaːɡs |
錯 | *sʰaːɡs, *sʰaːɡ |
措 | *sʰaːɡs |
厝 | *sʰaːɡs, *sʰaːɡ |
逪 | *sʰaːɡ |
剒 | *sʰaːɡ |
鵲 | *sʰaɡ |
碏 | *sʰaɡ |
踖 | *sʰaɡ, *ʔsjaːɡ, *zjaːɡ |
趞 | *sʰaɡ |
皵 | *sʰaɡ, *sʰjaːɡ |
舄 | *sʰjaːɡ, *sʰaɡ, *sjaːɡ, *sjaːɡ |
斮 | *ʔsraɡ, *ʔsraːɡ |
簎 | *zraːwɢ, *sʰraːɡ, *zjaːɡ |
諎 | *ʔsraːɡ |
矠 | *sʰreːɡ, *zreːɡ |
庴 | *ʔsjaːɡ, *zjaːɡ |
籍 | *zjaːɡ |
耤 | *zjaːɡ |
猎 | *zjaːɡ |
昔 | *sjaːɡ |
惜 | *sjaːɡ |
腊 | *sjaːɡ |
焟 | *sjaːɡ |
棤 | *sjaːɡ |
Oracle bone form: Ideogrammic compound (會意/会意) : 𡿧 (“disaster; floods”) + 日 (“sun”) – the flood submerging the sun; the former times.
Shuowen: Two pieces of flesh (仌) left to dry in the sun (日). Original form of 腊 (OC *sjaːɡ).
Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-r(j)ak (“night, full 24-hour day, spend the night”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Wang (1982) relates this to 夕 (OC *ljaːɡ) and 夜 (OC *laːɡs); however, see those two entries for more.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): sik1
- Hakka
- Eastern Min (BUC): sék
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sih6
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 7shiq
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Mainland)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧ
- Tongyong Pinyin: si
- Wade–Giles: hsi1
- Yale: syī
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shi
- Palladius: си (si)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕi⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: sí
- Wade–Giles: hsi2
- Yale: syí
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyi
- Palladius: си (si)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕi³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, Mainland)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: sik1
- Yale: sīk
- Cantonese Pinyin: sik7
- Guangdong Romanization: xig1
- Sinological IPA (key): /sɪk̚⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sit
- Hakka Romanization System: xidˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: xid5
- Sinological IPA: /sit̚²/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: sék
- Sinological IPA (key): /sɛiʔ²⁴/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: sih6
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɬiʔ¹/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: sih6
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɬiʔ²/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sek
- Tâi-lô: sik
- Phofsit Daibuun: seg
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /siɪk̚³²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siak
- Tâi-lô: siak
- Phofsit Daibuun: siag
- IPA (Quanzhou): /siak̚⁵/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: sêg4
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sek
- Sinological IPA (key): /sek̚²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Wu
- Middle Chinese: sjek
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]Ak/
- (Zhengzhang): /*sjaːɡ/
Definitions
[edit]昔
- ⁜ former times; the past; long ago; ancient times
- 昔魯公殺一無罪宮女,遂致九年旱澇;景公怒殺宮妃,臺傾三里。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: 甄偉, 西漢通俗演義
- Xī Lǔ Gōng shā yī wúzuì gōngnǚ, suì zhì jiǔ nián hànlào; Jǐng Gōng nù shā gōngfēi, tái qīng sān lǐ. [Pinyin]
- In olden times, the Duke of Lu murdered a guiltless palace maid, thus resulting in nine years of drought and flood; the Duke of Jing murdered a palace concubine in anger, causing terraces to collapse by three li.
昔鲁公杀一无罪宫女,遂致九年旱涝;景公怒杀宫妃,台倾三里。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- † yesterday
- 疇昔之羊,子為政;今日之事,我為政。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translation from Zuozhuan: Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" (2017), by Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li and David Schaberg
- Chóuxī zhī yáng, zǐ wéizhèng; jīnrì zhī shì, wǒ wéi zhèng. [Pinyin]
- With yesterday’s mutton, you were in charge, but in today’s affair, I am in charge.
畴昔之羊,子为政;今日之事,我为政。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 未成乎心而有是非,是今日適越而昔至也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
- Wèi chéng hū xīn ér yǒu shìfēi, shì jīnrì shì yuè ér xī zhì yě. [Pinyin]
- For one who has not this determined mind, to have his affirmations and negations is like the case described in the saying, 'He went to Yue to-day, and arrived at it yesterday.'
未成乎心而有是非,是今日适越而昔至也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- † sunset; dusk
- † Alternative form of 腊 (“dried meat”)
- † Alternative form of 夕 (xī, “evening; night”)
- 為一昔之期,襲梁及霍。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translation from Zuozhuan: Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" (2017), by Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li and David Schaberg
- Wèi yīxī zhī qī, xí Liáng jí Huò. [Pinyin]
- They made an overnight pact, and then mounted sneak attacks on Liang and Huo.
为一昔之期,袭梁及霍。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- a surname
Compounds
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄘㄨㄛˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: cuò
- Wade–Giles: tsʻo4
- Yale: tswò
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsuoh
- Palladius: цо (co)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰu̯ɔ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
[edit]昔
- † coarse; rough
- † Alternative form of 錯/错 (“to criss-cross”)
- † Alternative form of 措 (cuò, “to use; to carry out”)
Etymology 3
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Definitions
[edit]昔
- (Southern Min) Alternative form of 早
References
[edit]- 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “昔”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 250.
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
昔 |
むかし Grade: 3 |
kun'yomi |
From Old Japanese. The muka portion derives from the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of verb 向く (muku, “to face opposite to something”), implying “that which stands opposite from the present”. The shi portion is suffix し (shi) indicating direction, also found in words 縦し (tatashi, “the standing or vertical direction”), 横し (yokoshi, “the sideways or horizontal direction”). This appears to be a somewhat rare alternative form, more commonly encountered as さ (sa), and may be cognate with the nominalizing adjective ending さ (sa).[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]- once (in the indeterminate past)
- 昔見た映画
- mukashi mita eiga
- a movie I once saw
- 昔見た映画
Noun
[edit]- the past, old times
- 昔と今 ― mukashi to ima ― the past and the present
- 昔の自分 ― mukashi no jibun ― my past self
- 昔からの友達 ― mukashi kara no tomodachi ― a longtime friend (literally, “a friend since old times”)
- 昔に戻る ― mukashi ni modoru ― to return to the past
- 970–999, Utsubo Monogatari, page Toshikage:[3]
- むかし、式部大輔、左大弁かけて清原の王ありけり。
- ancient
- 昔の人 ― mukashi no hito ― ancient people
- もう昔の話だ。 ― mō mukashi no hanashi da. ― That's ancient history.
Derived terms
[edit]- 昔昔 (mukashi mukashi)
References
[edit]- ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Kōno, Tama (c. 970–999) Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 10: Utsubo Monogatari 1 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1959, →ISBN.
Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]昔 • (seok, chak) (hangeul 석, 착, revised seok, chak, McCune–Reischauer sŏk, ch'ak, Yale sek, chak)
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]昔: Hán Nôm readings: tích, tếch, thách, tách
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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