hy

See also: Appendix:Variations of "hy"

Translingual

Etymology

Abbreviation of Armenian հայերեն (hayeren).

Symbol

hy

1. (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Armenian.

See also

• Wiktionary’s coverage of Armenian terms

Afrikaans

Alternative forms

• hij (obsolete)

Etymology

From Dutch hij, from Middle Dutch hi, from Old Dutch hie, hē, from Proto-Germanic *hiz.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɦəi/, [ɦə̟i̯]

• Audio:

  (file)

Pronoun

hy (object hom, possessive sy)

1. third-person singular subject pronoun
   1. he (referring to a male person)

      Hy sien my nie.

      He can’t see me.

   2. it (referring to a non-personal noun)

      Ek het die boek gelees, maar hy is baie moeilik om te volg.

      I’ve read the book, but it is very difficult to follow.

Synonyms

• (it): dit

See also

Afrikaans personal pronouns

			subjective	objective	possessive determiner	possessive pronoun
singular	1st		ek	my		myne
	2nd		jy	jou		joune
	2nd, formal		u			u s’n
	3rd	masc	hy	hom	sy	syne
		fem	sy	haar		hare
		neut	dit		sy	syne
plural	1st		ons			ons s’n
	2nd		julle / jul1			julle s’n
	3rd		hulle / hul1			hulle s’n

¹ The forms jul and hul are unstressed variants. They are used mostly in possessive function, but also otherwise, chiefly when the pronoun is repeated within the same sentence.

Canela

Etymology

From Proto-Northern Jê *ˀcy (“seed”) < Proto-Cerrado *cym (“seed”) < Proto-Jê *cym (“seed”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /hɨ/

Noun

hy

1. seed

   Hũmre ata amji mã ampeaj kam hãn ne ampo hy ata kre.

   That man quietly peacefully plants those seeds (without shouting or arguments).

2. penis

   Synonym: jixôt

Cornish

Etymology 1

From Proto-Brythonic *eið, from *esyās f; compare Old Irish a (“his, her, its, their”) and अस्यास् (asyā́s, “her”).

Pronunciation

• (Revived Late Cornish) IPA^(key): /i/

Determiner

hy (triggers aspirate mutation)

1. (possessive) her, its (with reference to feminine nouns)

   hy has hi

   her seeds

Pronoun

hy (triggers aspirate mutation)

1. her, it (with reference to feminine nouns; as object of a verbal noun)

   My vedn hy fe hei.

   I will pay her.

   Ny wonn hy hegi.

   I do not know how to cook it.

Usage notes

• Dual marking of possession is possible by adding hi/hei after the noun or verbal noun which hy precedes. Although originally a form of emphasis, in Late Cornish this structure had largely lost its emphatic meaning.
• In Late Cornish, masculine y and feminine hy had become homophonic with the pronunciation /i/.

See also

Cornish personal pronouns

number	person		independent (subject)	suffixed			infixed	possessive (dependent)
				enclitic	emphatic	reduced
singular	first		my	vy	evy	ma, a	'm	owA
	second		ty	jy, sy1	tejy	ta, a	'thM	dhaS
	third2	m	ev	ev	eev	va, a	'n	yS
		f	hi	hi	hyhi	—	's	hyA
plural	first		ni	ni	nyni		'gan, 'n	agan, 'gan
	second3		hwi	hwi	hwyhwi		'gas, 's	agas, 'gas
	third		i	i	ynsi		's	agaA, 'gaA

¹ Uncommon.
² hun and ins have been suggested as non-binary 3rd person singular pronouns, though these have not yet officially adopted.
³ Infrequently used as a formal alternative to the singular.

^S Triggers soft mutation ^A Triggers aspirate mutation ^M Triggers mixed mutation

Etymology 2

Pronoun

hy

1. alternative form of hi (“she”)

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

hy

1. aspirate mutation of ky

Demotic

Etymology 1

From Egyptian (hj, “husband”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /haj/, IPA^(key): /hej/ (depending on dialect)

Noun

⁠⁠ m

1. husband

Descendants

• Coptic: ϩⲁⲓ (hai) (Sahidic, Bohairic), ϩⲉⲓ (hei) (Fayyumic, Akhmimic), ϩⲉⲉⲓ (heei) (Lycopolitan)

Etymology 2

From Egyptian (hꜣj, “to descend”).

Verb

⁠⁠

1. (intransitive) to fall, to descend, to perish

Descendants

• Coptic: ϩⲉ (he) (Sahidic), ϩⲉⲓ (hei) (Bohairic)

References

• Černý, Jaroslav (1976), Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 270
• Erichsen, Wolja (1954), Demotisches Glossar, Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, pages 266, 267
• Johnson, Janet (2000), Thus Wrote ꜥOnchsheshonqy: An Introductory Grammar of Demotic‎^[1], third edition, Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, →ISBN, pages 9, 78
• Janet H. Johnson, editor (2001), The Demotic Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago‎^[2], volume H (10.1), Chicago: The University of Chicago, page 11

Dutch

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɦɛi̯/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛi̯
• Homophone: hei

Pronoun

hy

1. obsolete spelling of hij

Usage notes

• The spelling hy was deprecated in a Dutch spelling reform.

Egyptian

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /hiː/
  • Conventional anglicization: hy

Interjection

1. (vocative, before the name of the person called) O, hey, hail
2. a call to someone unspecified; hey

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of hy  

hj	h

Noun

 m

1. cry of joy
   • c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, lines 8–9:

     jw hy n rꜥ r r(ꜣ) ꜥꜣwj tꜣ hnw n.k srq ꜣḫw ꜥq.k sbꜣ n(j) wrt

     May there be cries of joy for Ra at the opening of the double doors of the earth, and acclaim for you who make the akh-spirits breathe when you enter the door of the Great (i.e. the afterworld).

Inflection

Declension of hy (masculine)

singular	hy
dual	hywj
plural	hyw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of hy  

hy	hꜣy	hꜣy
	[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]

References

• Erman, Adolf; Grapow, Hermann (1928), Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[3], volume 2, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 482.12-16, 483.1–483.13
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962), A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 157

Middle English

Etymology 1

Pronoun

hy

1. alternative form of heo (“she”)

Etymology 2

Pronoun

hy

1. alternative form of he (“they”)

Old English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /xyː/, [hyː]

Pronoun

hȳ

1. alternative form of hīe (“they”)

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Norse hý, from Proto-Germanic *hiwją, either from Proto-Indo-European *kew-, *ḱew- or from Proto-Indo-European *ḱey-, or a merger of the two. Compare English hue.

Noun

hy c (uncountable)

1. skin, complexion ((appearance of) skin on the face)

Declension

Declension of hy

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	hy	hys
	definite	hyn	hyns
plural	indefinite	—	—
	definite	—	—

Derived terms

• -hyad (“-skinned”)

See also

• hud

Welsh

Etymology 1

From Middle Welsh hy, from Proto-Brythonic *hɨɣ, from Proto-Celtic *segos, from Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ- (“to overpower”).

Cognate with Proto-Germanic *segaz, Sanskrit सहस् (sáhas, “force, power, victory”), and Ancient Greek ἔχω (ékhō, “I have, I own”).

Alternative forms

• hyf

Pronunciation

• (North Wales) IPA^(key): /hɨː/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /hiː/
• Rhymes: -ɨː

Adjective

hy (feminine singular hy, plural hyfion, equative hyfed, comparative hyfach, superlative hyfaf, not mutable)

1. bold, brave, fearless

   Synonyms: eofn, dewr, di-ofn

2. confident, daring

   Synonyms: hyderus, beiddgar, sicr

3. presumptuous, impudent

   Synonyms: haerllug, digywilydd

Derived terms

• hyder (“confidence”)

Etymology 2

Compare English huh and Dutch hè.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /hə/
• Rhymes: -ə

Interjection

hy

1. huh

Further reading

• D. G. Lewis, N. Lewis, editors (2005–present), “hy”, in Gweiadur: the Welsh–English Dictionary, Gwerin

West Frisian

Etymology

From Old Frisian hī, from Proto-West Germanic *hiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *hiz.

Pronunciation

• (Clay) IPA^(key): /hɛi̯/
• (Wood) IPA^(key): /hi/

Pronoun

hy

1. he (third-person singular masculine pronoun)

Usage notes

The accusative him is used roughly like "himself" and "itself" in English. In these cases, it is used after a verb when there is another object in the sentence. For example:

Dy partij stelt him op it stânpunt fan it federalisme.

This party puts itself on the standpoint of federalism.

In other reflexive cases, the reflexively marked pronoun himsels is used.

The clitic form er is used before the object of the sentence or after the verb, if there is one. It is never the first word of a sentence.

Doe't er in swolch naam

When he took a swallow

Especially in narrative, er is used in the past tense.

Inflection

West Frisian personal pronouns and possessives

			personal				possessive
			subject case	object case			determiner	pronoun
				normal	reflexive
singular	1st		ik	my	mysels		myn	mines
	2nd	informal	do, dû1	dy	dysels		dyn	dines
		formal	jo	jo	josels		jo	jowes
	3rd	m	hy	him	himsels		syn	sines
		f	sy, hja1	har	harsels		har	harres
		n	it	it	himsels		syn	sines
plural	1st		wy	ús	ússels		ús	uzes
	2nd		jim(me)	jim(me)	jimsels, jinsels		jim(me)	jimmes
	3rd		sy, hja1	har(ren)	harsels		har(ren)	harres

¹ Now mostly archaic and unused.

Further reading

• “hy (I)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011