-io
Esperanto
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Latin -ia in country names.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-io
- a place, usually a country, named after the root, whether that is a people, person, city, or river
- andaluzo (“Andalusian”) + -io → Andaluzio (“Andalusia”)
- Esperanto (“the Esperanto language”) + -io → Esperantio (“a notional Esperanto-speaking land”)
- flandro (“Fleming”) + -io → Flandrio (“Flanders”)
- japano (“a Japanese person”) + -io → Japanio (“Japan”)
- Kaŭkazo (“the Caucasus Mountains”) + -io → Kaŭkazio (“the Caucasus (region)”)
- Kolumbo (“Christopher Columbus”) + -io → Kolumbio (“Colombia”)
- Niĝero (“the Niger River”) + -io → Niĝerio (“Nigeria”)
- Novjorko (“New York City”) + -io → Novjorkio (“New York (state)”)
- Romo (“Rome”) + -io → Romio (“the Roman Empire”)
- ŝvabo (“Swabian”) + -io → Ŝvabio (“Swabia”)
- a science named after its practitioner
- -ium; used to form the names of chemical elements
Synonyms
[edit]- (place): -ujo for places named after their inhabitants: Anglujo (“England”)
- (place): lando is also sometimes used for places named after inhabitants: Svedlando = Svedio (“Sweden”)
- (science): scienco is used like a suffix with root words to form names of some sciences: vulkanoscienco = vulkanologio (“volcanology”)
Derived terms
[edit]Finnish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From multiple sources, including extraction from words derived with -o from verb stems ending in -i, as well as from earlier and still dialectal -i(j)o, from -ja-i (for labial ai > o, compare plural forms of kala-type nouns), from -ja + -i.
Suffix
[edit]-io (front vowel harmony variant -iö, linguistic notation -iO)
- Forms nouns from verbs or verbal stems.
- Forms nouns from other nouns, adjectives, numbers or their stems.
Declension
[edit]| Inflection of -io (Kotus type 3/valtio, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -io | -iot | |
| genitive | -ion | -ioiden -ioitten | |
| partitive | -iota | -ioita | |
| illative | -ioon | -ioihin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -io | -iot | |
| accusative | nom. | -io | -iot |
| gen. | -ion | ||
| genitive | -ion | -ioiden -ioitten | |
| partitive | -iota | -ioita | |
| inessive | -iossa | -ioissa | |
| elative | -iosta | -ioista | |
| illative | -ioon | -ioihin | |
| adessive | -iolla | -ioilla | |
| ablative | -iolta | -ioilta | |
| allative | -iolle | -ioille | |
| essive | -iona | -ioina | |
| translative | -ioksi | -ioiksi | |
| abessive | -iotta | -ioitta | |
| instructive | — | -ioin | |
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | ||
| Possessive forms of -io (Kotus type 3/valtio, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derived terms
[edit]Anagrams
[edit]Ido
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from English -ia, French -ie, Italian -ia, Russian -ия (-ija), Spanish -ia, ultimately from Latin -ia, from Ancient Greek -ία (-ía).
Suffix
[edit]-io
- suffix denoting the country, region, domain, territory or province dependent upon the authority of a person
Usage notes
[edit]A common but false misconception is that countries that end with -ia in Ido, for example Albania, use this suffix when in fact it's part of the root itself. Though, -io at times can help shape country names to fit; Mexikia uses the extra i so not to be confused with Mexiko (“Mexico City”) at the same time resembling other country names.
Derived terms
[edit]Italian
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Unknown. Perhaps from Latin -ērium.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ii)
- used with verb roots to derive nouns with durative, intensive or frequentative connotation; -le
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-io (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ia, masculine plural -ii, feminine plural -ie)
-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ii)
- alternative form of -ivo
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-io (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ia, masculine plural -i or -ii, feminine plural -ie)
- added to nouns and adjectives to form adjectives meaning “having the quality of”; -y
Etymology 4
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -i)
- (uncommon) used with verb roots to derive simple deverbal nouns
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 5
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -i or -ii)
- forms the name of chemical elements; -ium
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 6
[edit]From Latin -īvit via Vulgar Latin -īut.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-io (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
- (Romanesco, archaic, Dantesque) used with a stem to form the third-person singular past historic of regular -ire verbs
- (Romanesco, dated) used with a stem to form the simple past of verbs
- ...E poi annamio ar negozio a venne
- ...And then we used to go to the shop to sell
- Indove annavio?
- Where were you going?
Derived terms
[edit]Latin
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Suffix -ō on i-stems.
Suffix
[edit]-iō f (genitive -iōnis); third declension
- Used to form abstract nouns from verbs.
Usage notes
[edit]The suffix -iō is added to a verb to create a third-declension feminine abstract noun.
Declension
[edit]Third-declension noun.
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -iō | -iōnēs |
| genitive | -iōnis | -iōnum |
| dative | -iōnī | -iōnibus |
| accusative | -iōnem | -iōnēs |
| ablative | -iōne | -iōnibus |
| vocative | -iō | -iōnēs |
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Etymology 2
[edit]Extension of -ō (possibly by rebracketing).
Suffix
[edit]-iō m (genitive -iōnis); third declension
- forms animate nouns of various meanings, often colloquial or pejorative
- forms nouns designating a type of person
- attached to noun stems, forms nouns referring to a related profession
- (rare) attached to verb stems, forms agent nouns
- also forms names, especially cognomina.
- attached to noun stems, forms a diminutive or similar derived noun
- forms nouns designating a type of person
- Suffixed to noun or adjective stems, forms certain nouns designating things; often described as a kind of diminutive.
Usage notes
[edit]Personal appellations ending in -iō appear to have often had a derogatory or pejorative shade of meaning, which in some cases resulted in a sense near that of a diminutive, as in the case of homunciō.[1]
Declension
[edit]Third-declension noun.
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -iō | -iōnēs |
| genitive | -iōnis | -iōnum |
| dative | -iōnī | -iōnibus |
| accusative | -iōnem | -iōnēs |
| ablative | -iōne | -iōnibus |
| vocative | -iō | -iōnēs |
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]From -i-ō. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-yeti.
Suffix
[edit]-iō (present infinitive -iāre, perfect active -iāvī, supine -iātum); first conjugation
- Used to form factitive verbs from adjectives.
Conjugation
[edit]1At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").
2The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 4
[edit]From Proto-Italic *-jō, from Proto-Indo-European *-yéti (first person singular: *-yóh₂) after a consonant.
Suffix
[edit]-iō (present infinitive -ere, perfect active -ī, supine -um); third (-iō variant) conjugation
- Used to form some irregular third conjugation verbs.
Conjugation
[edit]| indicative | singular | plural | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||||
| active | present | -iō | -is | -it | -imus | -itis | -iunt | ||||||
| imperfect | -iēbam | -iēbās | -iēbat | -iēbāmus | -iēbātis | -iēbant | |||||||
| future | -iam | -iēs | -iet | -iēmus | -iētis | -ient | |||||||
| perfect | -ī | -istī | -it | -imus | -istis | -ērunt, -ēre | |||||||
| pluperfect | -eram | -erās | -erat | -erāmus | -erātis | -erant | |||||||
| future perfect | -erō | -eris | -erit | -erimus | -eritis | -erint | |||||||
| sigmatic future1 | -ō | -is | -it | -imus | -itis | -int | |||||||
| passive | present | -ior | -eris, -ere |
-itur | -imur | -iminī | -iuntur | ||||||
| imperfect | -iēbar | -iēbāris, -iēbāre |
-iēbātur | -iēbāmur | -iēbāminī | -iēbantur | |||||||
| future | -iar | -iēris, -iēre |
-iētur | -iēmur | -iēminī | -ientur | |||||||
| perfect | -us + present active indicative of sum | ||||||||||||
| pluperfect | -us + imperfect active indicative of sum | ||||||||||||
| future perfect | -us + future active indicative of sum | ||||||||||||
| sigmatic future1 | -or | -eris | -itur | — | — | — | |||||||
| subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||||
| active | present | -iam | -iās | -iat | -iāmus | -iātis | -iant | ||||||
| imperfect | -erem | -erēs | -eret | -erēmus | -erētis | -erent | |||||||
| perfect | -erim | -erīs | -erit | -erīmus | -erītis | -erint | |||||||
| pluperfect | -issem | -issēs | -isset | -issēmus | -issētis | -issent | |||||||
| sigmatic aorist1 | -im | -īs | -īt | -īmus | -ītis | -int | |||||||
| passive | present | -iar | -iāris, -iāre |
-iātur | -iāmur | -iāminī | -iantur | ||||||
| imperfect | -erer | -erēris, -erēre |
-erētur | -erēmur | -erēminī | -erentur | |||||||
| perfect | -us + present active subjunctive of sum | ||||||||||||
| pluperfect | -us + imperfect active subjunctive of sum | ||||||||||||
| imperative | singular | plural | |||||||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||||
| active | present | — | -e | — | — | -ite | — | ||||||
| future | — | -itō | -itō | — | -itōte | -iuntō | |||||||
| passive | present | — | -ere | — | — | -iminī | — | ||||||
| future | — | -itor | -itor | — | — | -iuntor | |||||||
| non-finite forms | infinitive | participle | |||||||||||
| active | passive | active | passive | ||||||||||
| present | -ere | -ī | -iēns | — | |||||||||
| future | -ūrum esse | -um īrī | -ūrus | -iendus, -iundus | |||||||||
| perfect | -isse | -um esse | — | -us | |||||||||
| future perfect | — | -um fore | — | — | |||||||||
| perfect potential | -ūrum fuisse | — | — | — | |||||||||
| verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||||||||
| genitive | dative | accusative | ablative | accusative | ablative | ||||||||
| -iendī | -iendō | -iendum | -iendō | -um | -ū | ||||||||
1At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.
Etymology 5
[edit]Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-yéti (denominative suffix). The question of how it came to be differentiated from third-conjugation -iō, -ere is still debated. Vine 2012 derives denominatives such as serviō from *serw-e-yé/ó- (with the thematic vowel *-e- before the suffix), proposing that unaccented Proto-Indo-European *-e- came to be assimilated in Italic to an immediately following *-y-.[2] Alternative explanations include an Italic version of Sievers's law (that is, a prosodically conditioned development of postconsonantal *-y-* to *-iy- in certain contexts) or combination of the suffix with stems ending in *-i-. Some verbs may be derived from backformation from adjectives ending in -ītus, such as igniō, whose finite forms are attested later than ignītus (“fiery, glowing”).[3]
Suffix
[edit]-iō (present infinitive -īre, perfect active -īvī or -iī, supine -ītum); fourth conjugation
- Used to form fourth conjugation verbs.
Conjugation
[edit]1At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit](from infinitive -īre:)
References
[edit]- ^ Petersen, Walter, 1910. Greek diminutives in -ION; a study in semantics, pages 194-195
- ^ Vine, Brent (2012), “PIE mobile accent in Italic: Further evidence”, in Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead, Thomas Olander, Birgit Anette Olsen, and Jens Elmegård Rasmussen, editors, The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, phonemics, and morphophonemics, Museum Tusculanum Press
- ^ Ernout, Alfred; Meillet, Antoine (1985), “ignis”, in Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine: histoire des mots (in French), 4th edition, with additions and corrections of Jacques André, Paris: Klincksieck, published 2001, page 308
Old Spanish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Latin -ium, from the adjectival suffix -ius.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-io
- (added to nouns) A suffix forming abstract nouns.
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Spanish: -ío
Portuguese
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Old Galician-Portuguese -io, from Latin -īvus. Doublet of -ivo.
Pronunciation
[edit]
Suffix
[edit]-io (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ia, masculine plural -ios, feminine plural -ias)
- -ive; -y (forms adjectives from verbs, indicating a tendency or inclination)
- escorregar (“to slip”) + -io → escorregadio (“slippery”)
- arredar (“to withdraw from”) + -io → arredio (“withdrawn, solitary”)
Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]
Suffix
[edit]-io m (noun-forming suffix, uncountable)
Etymology 3
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ios)
Etymology 4
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]
Suffix
[edit]-io
Spanish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from New Latin -ium, from Latin -um, based on Latin terms for metals, such as ferrum (“iron”).
Suffix
[edit]-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ios)
Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “-io”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 10 December 2024
Welsh
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Variant of -o, initially after a stem that contained /j/ (for Brythonic /ɣ/ or from palatalization after a diphthong), later extended to other verb stems.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-io
- Forms verbnouns from verbs and other parts of speech.
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]- -o (Forms verbnouns from verb stems ending in i̯)
- Esperanto terms derived from Latin
- Esperanto 2-syllable words
- Esperanto terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Esperanto/io
- Esperanto lemmas
- Esperanto suffixes
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish suffixes
- Finnish noun-forming suffixes
- Finnish valtio-type nominals
- Ido terms borrowed from English
- Ido terms derived from English
- Ido terms borrowed from French
- Ido terms derived from French
- Ido terms borrowed from Italian
- Ido terms derived from Italian
- Ido terms borrowed from Russian
- Ido terms derived from Russian
- Ido terms borrowed from Spanish
- Ido terms derived from Spanish
- Ido terms derived from Latin
- Ido terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Ido lemmas
- Ido suffixes
- Ido noun-forming suffixes
- Italian terms with unknown etymologies
- Italian terms inherited from Latin
- Italian terms derived from Latin
- Italian 2-syllable words
- Italian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Italian/io
- Rhymes:Italian/io/2 syllables
- Italian lemmas
- Italian suffixes
- Italian noun-forming suffixes
- Italian countable suffixes
- Italian masculine suffixes
- Italian adjective-forming suffixes
- Italian 1-syllable words
- Italian terms with uncommon senses
- Italian terms borrowed from New Latin
- Italian terms derived from New Latin
- Italian suffixes with multiple plurals
- Italian terms inherited from Vulgar Latin
- Italian terms derived from Vulgar Latin
- Italian non-lemma forms
- Italian suffix forms
- Romanesco Italian
- Italian terms with archaic senses
- Dantesque Italian
- Italian dated terms
- Italian terms with usage examples
- Latin entries referencing etymons with mismatched IDs
- Latin lemmas
- Latin suffixes
- Latin noun-forming suffixes
- Latin third declension suffixes
- Latin feminine suffixes in the third declension
- Latin feminine suffixes
- Latin masculine suffixes in the third declension
- Latin masculine suffixes
- Latin terms with rare senses
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin verb-forming suffixes
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Spanish terms borrowed from Latin
- Old Spanish terms derived from Latin
- Old Spanish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Spanish lemmas
- Old Spanish suffixes
- Portuguese terms inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese
- Portuguese terms derived from Old Galician-Portuguese
- Portuguese terms inherited from Latin
- Portuguese terms derived from Latin
- Portuguese doublets
- Portuguese 2-syllable words
- Portuguese 1-syllable words
- Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Portuguese lemmas
- Portuguese suffixes
- Portuguese adjective-forming suffixes
- Portuguese noun-forming suffixes
- Portuguese uncountable suffixes
- Portuguese masculine suffixes
- Portuguese informal terms
- Portuguese countable suffixes
- pt:Chemistry
- Portuguese non-lemma forms
- Portuguese suffix forms
- Portuguese obsolete forms
- Spanish terms borrowed from New Latin
- Spanish terms derived from New Latin
- Spanish terms derived from Latin
- Spanish lemmas
- Spanish suffixes
- Spanish noun-forming suffixes
- Spanish countable suffixes
- Spanish masculine suffixes
- Welsh terms with IPA pronunciation
- Welsh lemmas
- Welsh suffixes