-∅

See also: ∅ and ∅-

Translingual

Suffix

-∅

1. (linguistic morphology) A representation of the zero suffix.

See also

• ∅-

Alutor

Suffix

-∅

1. A zero suffix that is the absence of the imperfective suffix -ткы- marks the perfective aspect.

   тысаюткык (тысаю-ткы-к)

   I am drinking tea

   тысаюк (тысаю-Ø-к)

   I drank tea

2. A zero suffix that is the absence of a nominal ending such as -ӈа or -ын.

   вала (вала-Ø)

   "knife"

   ӄылавул (ӄылавулa-Ø)

   "husband"

See also

• ∅-

References

• Verbal affix: Grammatical sketches from the field with Yukari Nagayama
• Nominal ending: Aspects of the Theory of Morphology By Igor Melčuk

Estonian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Finnic *-n. Cognate with Finnish -n.

Suffix

-∅ (not represented in writing)

1. A zero suffix.
   1. The genitive singular ending for nominals.

Usage notes

Although the original Proto-Finnic suffix becomes silent due to historic sound changes, formation of genitive case remains unpredictable and depends on declension types, although it always ends in a vowel. These include no addition, additions of vowels or sometimes with consonants, syncope, deletion, and also often involves consonant and vowel length gradation. See more at Appendix:Estonian nominal inflection.

Finnish

Etymology 1

Unmarked.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-/, [-]

Suffix

-∅ (not represented in writing)

1. A zero suffix.
   1. The nominative singular ending for nominals.
   2. The third-person singular ending for past tense verbs.
   3. The positive degree ending for adjectives.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *-k.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-ˣ/, [-(ʔ)]

Suffix

-∅ (not represented in writing)

1. The k-lative suffix.

Usage notes

Attached to the weak-grade stem.

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -∅ (k-lative)

ala

alemma

alimma

luo

lähemmä

myöhemmä

taa

tykö

yhä

ylemmä

ylimmä

Etymology 3

From Proto-Finnic *-k, from Proto-Uralic *-k.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-ˣ/, [-(ʔ)] (most moods, dialectally also conditional mood)
• IPA^(key): /-/, [-] (conditional mood)

Suffix

-∅ (not represented in writing)

1. The second-person singular imperative ending.
2. The connegative ending.

Usage notes

Attached to the weak-grade stem.

German

Etymology 1

Apocope of the final vowel in the nominative singular form.

Suffix

-∅ (not represented in writing)

1. alternative form of -e (“deriving personal nouns”)

   Latin catholicus → Katholik (compare Kathole with -e)

Declension

See -e.

Etymology 2

Apocope of -e (“dative singular ending”).

Suffix

-∅ (not represented in writing)

1. used to form the dative of strong masculine and neuter nouns ending in a stressed syllable

   Synonym: (chiefly archaic) -e

   das Haus → dem Haus, (archaic or poetic) dem Hause (but usually with -e in zu Hause and aus dem Hause)

Hungarian

Suffix

-∅

1. (linguistics) A zero suffix, with several functions:
   1. third-person singular indefinite form of verbs in the indicative and conditional moods (but not in the subjunctive)
   2. (optionally) a form of the subjunctive/imperative suffix -j in the second-person singular definite short forms of most verbs
   3. at the end of the short form of the second-person singular indefinite subjunctive/imperative (more common than the long-form ending in -ál/-él)
      1. also with a long stem vowel in some sz-stem verbs (tesz → tégy, vesz → végy, visz → vígy), though the long form is more common for these verbs
   4. (rare) the second-person singular indicative present at the end of certain verbs (van → vagy and dialectally megy → mégy)
   5. the nominative singular form of nouns, adjectives, numerals, (present, past, and future) participles, and pronouns
   6. (optionally) the accusative suffix after first- and second-person possessive suffixes, chiefly in the singular, as well as in engem and téged
   7. the positive degree of adjectives

See also

• ’ (“symbol of omission”)

Kalmyk

Etymology 1

From the fact that no true third person pronoun existed, so it was not put word-finally like other personal markers such as -в (-v), -ч (-ç), etc.

Suffix

-∅

1. (predicative) Used as a third-person copula, meaning ‘He/she/it/they is/are …’

   Synonym: болх (bolx)

2. (predicative) A third-person singular verbal suffix.

   Эн келнә ― En kelnä ― He/she/it says

Etymology 2

Root form of the verb (without the -х (-x) suffix in the dictionary form).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ə/

Suffix

-∅

1. Indicates the imperative.

   Кел! ― Kel! ― Speak!

Mongolian

Etymology

Used where -и (-i) would imply the palatalization of с (s) to ш (š) or ц (c) to ч (č).

Suffix

-∅

1. A zero suffix used in place of Russian -ия (-ija) in loanwords with stems ending in с (s) or ц (c).

   Alternative form: -и (-i)

   Russian ‎фу́нкция (fúnkcija, “function”) + ‎-∅ → ‎Mongolian функц (funkc, “function”)

Derived terms

Mongolian terms suffixed with -∅

комисс

мастурбац

станц

Франц

функц

Russian

Suffix

-∅

1. Indicates the genitive plural of first-declension and neuter second-declension nouns:

   ‎кни́га (kníga, “book”) + ‎-∅ → ‎книг (knig, “…of [the] books”)

   ‎ме́сто (mésto, “place”) + ‎-∅ → ‎мест (mest, “…of [the] places”)

2. Deverbal suffix: (for some verbs)

   ‎выходи́ть (vyxodítʹ, “to exit”) + ‎-∅ → ‎вы́ход (výxod, “exit”)

Skolt Sami

Etymology

From Proto-Samic *-ō.

Suffix

-∅

1. Forms result or action nouns from verbs.

Inflection

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

Derived terms

Category Skolt Sami terms suffixed with -∅ not found

Ukrainian

Suffix

-∅ m (second-declension masculine-form type)

1. Indicates the nominative/accusative singular of second-declension nouns (except ending in - ar-stem, declinable as Suffix 3, and in - j-stem, declinable as Suffix 4).

   стіл-∅, москвич-∅

Declension

Declension of -_non-ar/-j∅
(inan/pers 2nd-decl hard/mixed masc-form)

	singular	plural
nominative	-non-ар/-й∅ -non-ar/-j∅	-и, -і -y, -i
genitive	-а, -у -a, -u	-ів -iv
dative	-ові, -еві, -у -ovi, -evi, -u	-ам -am
accusative	-non-ар/-й∅, -а -non-ar/-j∅, -a	-и, -ів, -і -y, -iv, -i
instrumental	-ом, -ем -om, -em	-ами -amy
locative	-ові, -і, -у, -еві -ovi, -i, -u, -evi	-ах -ax
vocative	-у, -е -u, -e	-и, -і -y, -i

Suffix

-∅ f (third-declension feminine-form type)

1. Indicates the nominative/accusative singular of third-declension nouns: feminine with zero suffix stem endings ж, ч, ш, щ

   річ-∅, піч-∅, подорож-∅

Declension

Declension of -∅
(inan/pers 3rd-decl fem-form)

	singular	plural
nominative	-ь∅ -ʹ∅	-і -i
genitive	-і -i	-ей -ej
dative	-і -i	-ам -am
accusative	-ь∅ -ʹ∅	-і -i
instrumental	-!!ю -!!ju	-ами -amy
locative	-і -i	-ах -ax
vocative	-е -e	-і -i

!!Stem end doubling

Suffix

-∅ m (third-declension masculine-form type)

1. Indicates the nominative/accusative singular of second-declension nouns: masculine - ar-stem nouns (ending in - ар / - яр)

   аптекар-∅, зброяр-∅

Declension

Declension of -_ar-∅
(pers 3rd-decl soft/semi-soft masc-form)

	singular	plural
nominative	ар-∅ ar-∅	-і -i
genitive	-я -ja	-ів -iv
dative	-ю, -у -ju, -u	-ям, -ам -jam, -am
accusative	-я -ja	-ів -iv
instrumental	-ем -em	-ями, -ами -jamy, -amy
locative	-і, -еві, -у -i, -evi, -u	-ях, -ах -jax, -ax
vocative	-ю, -е -ju, -e	-і -i

Suffix

_-∅й • (_-∅j) m (j-stem masculine-form type)

1. (pseudo, fictive) Indicates the nominative/ accusative singular of masculine - j-stem-nouns (ending in - й, second declension)

   бій-∅, стрій-∅, вій-∅

Declension of _-∅й
(inan/pers j-stem masc-form)

	singular	plural
nominative	-∅й -∅j	-ї -ji
genitive	-ю -ju	-їв -jiv
dative	-ю, -єві -ju, -jevi	-ям -jam
accusative	-∅й -∅j	-ї -ji
instrumental	-єм -jem	-ями -jamy
locative	-ю, -єві, -ї -ju, -jevi, -ji	-ях -jax
vocative	-ю -ju	-ї -ji

Suffix form

-∅ m pl or f pl or n pl (first-declension or neuter second-declension hard-stem form)

1. Indicates the genitive plural of first-declension and of neuter second-declension hard-stem nouns:

   ‎собака m sg (sobaka, “dog”) + ‎-∅ → ‎собак (sobak, “…of [the] dogs”)

   ‎кни́га f sg (knýha, “book”) + ‎-∅ → ‎книг (knyh, “…of [the] books”)

   ‎мі́сто n sg (místo, “city”) + ‎-∅ → ‎міст (mist, “…of [the] cities”)