stonen

English

Etymology

From Middle English stonen, alteration (due to stone) of earlier stenen, from Old English stǣnen (“stony; of stone, hard as stone; stone, made of stone, built of stone”), from Proto-West Germanic *stainīn, from Proto-Germanic *stainīnaz (“made of stone”), equivalent to stone +‎ -en. Cognate with Dutch stenen (“stonen”), German Low German stenen (“stonen”), German steinen (“stonen”).

Adjective

stonen (comparative more stonen, superlative most stonen)

1. (archaic) Consisting or made of stone.
   • 1869, William Barnes, Poems of rural life in common English:

     […] And up these well-worn blocks of stone
     I came when I first ran alone,
     The stonen stairs beclimb'd the mound,
     Ere father put a foot to ground, […]

Translations

Made of stone

• Dutch: stenen (nl)
• German: steinen (de), steinern (de)
• Ingrian: kiviin
• Japanese: 石製 (ja) (せきせい, sekisei)
• Luxembourgish: stengen
• Polish: kamienny (pl)

Anagrams

• tennos, Neston, tonnes, sonnet, non est, tenson, nonets, tenons, Tonnes, senton

Middle English

Etymology 1

From earlier stenen, from Old English stǣnen, from Proto-West Germanic *stainīn, Proto-Germanic *stainīnaz. Equivalent to ston +‎ -en (“made of”).

Alternative forms

• stanene, stonene, stonon, stonun, stonyn, stoonen

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈstɔ̝ːnən/

Adjective

stonen

1. Composed or built of stone.

   Synonym: stenen

Descendants

• English: stonen

See also

• rochen

References

• “stōnen(e, adj.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 9 April 2018.

Etymology 2

From stone +‎ -en (infinitival suffix).

Alternative forms

• stain, stane, stone, stoonen

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈstɔ̝ːnən/

Verb

stonen

1. (ambitransitive) To throw stones.
2. (transitive) To stone, execute using stones.
3. (intransitive) To remove or eliminate stones or rocks.

Conjugation

Conjugation of stonen (weak in -ed)

infinitive	(to) stonen, stone
	present tense	past tense
1st-person singular	stone	stoned
2nd-person singular	stonest	stonedest
3rd-person singular	stoneth	stoned
subjunctive singular	stone
imperative singular		—
plural1	stonen, stone	stoneden, stonede
imperative plural	stoneth, stone	—
participles	stonynge, stonende	stoned, ystoned

¹ Sometimes used as a formal 2nd-person singular.

Descendants

• English: stone
• Scots: stane, steen

References

• “stōnen, v.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 27 March 2018.

Etymology 3

Probably either an apheretic form of astonen or directly borrowed from Anglo-Norman estoner (“to shake, stun”), from Late Latin *stunāre, possibly from Latin *extonāre, from tonāre (“to thunder”) or from Frankish *stunōn (“to thunder, crash, knock, strike”). Alternatively inherited from Old English stunian (“to smash, thunder”), from Proto-West Germanic *stunōn, though the gap in attestation and difference in sense is suspicious, while the largely synonymous stoneyen corroborates derivation from estoner as it can only easily be derived from Old French.

The variant stoynyn may either represent a North Midland phonetic development of /oː/ (from /u/ in a open syllable; compare West Riding traditional dialect /uɪ̯/) or a modification of reduced forms of stoneyen by analogy with the variation between /i̯n/ and /nj/ in Old French words with /ɲ/ such as onyoun and poynaunt.

Alternative forms

• stone, stoynyn

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈstunən/

Verb

stonen (third-person singular simple present stoneth, present participle stonende, stonynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle stoned)

1. To astonish, shock, or stupefy.
2. To stun or incapacitate; to render unconscious.
3. (rare) To shatter or strike.

Conjugation

Conjugation of stonen (weak in -ed)

infinitive	(to) stonen, stone
	present tense	past tense
1st-person singular	stone	stoned
2nd-person singular	stonest	stonedest
3rd-person singular	stoneth	stoned
subjunctive singular	stone
imperative singular		—
plural1	stonen, stone	stoneden, stonede
imperative plural	stoneth, stone	—
participles	stonynge, stonende	stoned

¹ Sometimes used as a formal 2nd-person singular.

Related terms

• astonen
• stoneyen

Descendants

• English: stun

References

• “stǒnen”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Etymology 4

From ston +‎ -en (plural suffix).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈstɔːnən/

Noun

stonen

2. plural of stone