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brother

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: Brother and broþer

English

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English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Alternative forms

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Etymology

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PIE word
*bʰréh₂tēr

Inherited from Middle English brother, from Old English brōþor, from Proto-West Germanic *brōþer, from Proto-Germanic *brōþēr, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr. Doublet of bhai, bru, frater, friar, pal, and vai.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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brother (plural brothers or (archaic in most senses) brethren)

  2. Son of the same parents as another person.
    • 1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter X, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:
      It was a joy to snatch some brief respite, and find himself in the rectory drawing–room. Listening here was as pleasant as talking; just to watch was pleasant. The young priests who lived here wore cassocks and birettas; their faces were fine and mild, yet really strong, like the rector's face; and in their intercourse with him and his wife they seemed to be brothers.
  3. A male having at least one parent in common with another (see half-brother, stepbrother).
  4. A male fellow member of a religious community, church, trades union etc.
    • 1975, New King James Version, Deuteronomy 23:19
      You shall not charge interest to your brother—interest on money or food or anything that is lent out at interest.
    Thank you, brother.
    I would like to thank the brother who just spoke.
  6. (informal) A form of address to a man.
    Hyponym: my brother in Christ
    Brother, can you spare a dime?
    Listen, brother, I don't know what you want, but I’m not interested.
  7. (African-American Vernacular) A fellow black man.
    • 1987, Eddie Murphy Raw, spoken by Eddie Murphy:
      [Michael Jackson] went on television and said, “I don't have sex because of my religious beliefs”, and the public believed it. I know brothers was like “get the fuck out of here!”. And white people, “Michael's a special kinda guy!”
    • 1991 January, SPIN, volume 6, number 10, page 58:
      SPIN: Aren't you both as popular with white people as black people?
      L.L.: Oh, no question. But I've always said, that's why when people say, "L.L., hey, like, on the last album, you sold out," I say, "Yo, can I ask you a question, Mike Tyson sell out?" "No, he's a brother." I say, he's a cross-over artist. He went pop. You know what I'm saying? I mean, the rap audience [...] they have to understand that their music is for all people. Me personally, I don't think it's about being black or white, […]
    • 2006, Noire [pseudonym], Thug-A-Licious: An Urban Erotic Tale, New York, N.Y.: One World, Ballantine Books, →ISBN, page 148:
      The white cop grilled me. He was tall, but had a stomach like a pregnant woman. The other two were brothers, and they looked like they just didn't wanna be standing there.
    • 2013, Gwyneth Bolton, Ready for Love:
      But damn if they knew when to just leave a brother alone and let him sulk in silence.
  8. Somebody, usually male, connected by a common cause, situation, or affection.
    • 1963, Martin Luther King Jr., (Please provide the book title or journal name):
      The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny.
    • 2016, William Burkholder, The City of My Brothers:
      O, then! To ride upon such glories, Till my time comes nigh, And commune in the city of peaceful slumbers Among my brothers of wind-blown rye.
  9. Someone who is a peer, whether male or female.
    • 1943 November – 1944 February (date written; published 1945 August 17), George Orwell [pseudonym; Eric Arthur Blair], Animal Farm […], London: Secker & Warburg, published May 1962, →OCLC:
      And, above all, no animal must ever tyrannise over his own kind. Weak or strong, clever or simple, we are all brothers.
  10. (poetic) Someone who is a kinsman or shares the same patriarch.
    • 1995, Theophus H. Smith, Conjuring Culture, page 89:
      The eighteenth century text, with its antislavery message and its Adamic figuration, calls implicily for the reconciliation of all peoples as "brothers" (not the reprehensible brothers of Joseph but the cocreated brothers of Adam).
    • 1908 June, Grace Kellogg, “A Keeper of the Door”, in National Magazine, volume 28, page 280:
      Oh, my Brothers, five nights ago many of our braves were out upon the buffalo grounds.
    • 2010, Justin B. Richland, Sarah Deer, Introduction to Tribal Legal Studies, page 193:
      In the case of the boy, a certain amount of instruction comes from the male members of the mother's clan, such as how to go after game, how to handle horses, how to dress, how to conduct yourself and what to seek in life. They also teach the boy how to treat domestic animals. Even pets understand kindness, and the clan brothers use that as an example.
    • 2020, Xiao Xiao Ma Jia Hao, Three Kingdoms: Super Hegemon:
      The carriage that the brothers of the Kai clan rode on had travelled a lot these past few days, and the horses that pulled the carriage were exhausted.

Usage notes

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  • The plural “brethren” (cf. “sistren”, “sistern”) is not used for biological brothers in contemporary English (although it was in older usage). It still finds use, however, in the meaning of “members of a religious order”. It is also sometimes used in other figurative senses, e.g. “adherents of the same religion”, “countrymen”, and the like.

Hypernyms

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Coordinate terms

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  • (with regards to gender): sister

Derived terms

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(Abbreviations): bro, brah, bra, bruh, bruv, bruvver

single words
Compound words and expressions
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Descendants

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Translations

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See brother/translations § Noun.

Verb

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brother (third-person singular simple present brothers, present participle brothering, simple past and past participle brothered)

  1. (transitive) To treat as a brother.
    • 1819, Walter Scott, Ivanhoe:
      Seest thou not we are overreached, and that our proposed mode of communicating with our friends without has been disconcerted by this same motley gentleman thou art so fond to brother?

Translations

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See brother/translations § Verb.

Interjection

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brother

  1. Expressing exasperation.
    We're being forced to work overtime? Oh, brother!

Middle English

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Inherited from Old English brōþor, from Proto-West Germanic *brōþer, from Proto-Germanic *brōþēr, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr. Doublet of frere. Forms with /d/ both represent a phonological development and analogy with fader (“father”), moder (“mother”).

Development of the plural

Plural forms with /eː/ are from late Old English brēþre, with generalization of the mutated vowel from the Old English dative singular brēþer by analogy with other nouns with mutation in both the dative singular and nominative/accusative plural such as fōt, tōþ (fot and toth), perhaps reinforced by the Old Norse plural Old Norse bræðr. By the end of the Early Middle English period, the final -e of this form was either lost (brether), in conformance with both the consonantal pattern of the singular and a tendency for /(ə)lə/, /(ə)nə/, /(ə)rə/ to develop into /əl/, /ən/, /ər/, or replaced with -en (bretheren) as part of the spread of (nominative/accusative) plurals in -en at the expense of less salient -e. The same processes explain the supplanting of early Middle English Middle English broþre, broðre (Old English brōþra, brōþru) with brother and brotheren, though brother may also continue the Old English null plural brōþor. Finally, the forms brotheres and bretheres plainly represent adaptation to the regular plural in -es.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈbroːðər/, /ˈbroːdər/

Noun

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brother (plural bretheren or brether or brotheren, genitive singular brother or brotheres)

  1. A brother or brother-in-law; a male sibling.
    • c. 1180, Orͬm, “[Dedication]”, in Orͬmulum (Bodleian MS. Junius 1), Bourne Abbey, Lincolnshire, folio 3, recto; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2019 January 10:
      Nu broþerr Ƿallꞇ͛. broþerͬ min. Affꞇ͛ þe flæsheſſ kĩde⹎ ⁊ broþerͬ mın ı crıſſtenndom. Þurrh fulluhht⹎ ⁊ þurrh troꟕþe⹎ ⁊ broþerr mın ı ꟑodeſſ huſ […]
      Now, Brother Walter, my brother by blood relation and in Christendom, through baptism and faith, and my brother in God's house […]
  2. A blood brother; a companion in a two-member loyalty pact.
  3. Any male relative or family member.
  4. A colleague or peer (sometimes as a term of address):
    1. A fellow (male) human being.
    2. A male friend or companion.
    3. A male fellow Christian (or other coreligionist).
      • c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.)‎[1], published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:9, folio 117, verso, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:
        I ioon ȝoure bꝛoþer ⁊ partener in tribulacioun ⁊ kingdom ⁊ pacience in criſt iheſu .· was in an ile þat is clepid pathmos · foꝛ þe woꝛd of god · ⁊ foꝛ þe witneſſyng of iheſu
        I, John, your brother and partner in tribulation, the Kingdom, and endurance in Jesus Christ, was on an island that's called Patmos for the word of God and for the witnessing of Jesus.
    4. A male fellow member of a guild or religious order.
    5. (rare) A male fellow ruler.
  5. Something similar or resemblant.

Usage notes

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  • The plural form brotheres also occurs, though less commonly. Furthermore, one occasionally encounters brother/brothere (especially in Early Middle English) and bretheres (especially in Late Middle English).

Declension

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Declension of brother
singular plural
(nominative/accusative) brother brotheren, brether(en)
genitive brother, brotheres brotheren, brether(en)
dative — —
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Descendants

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References

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Middle Scots

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Inherited from Early Scots brothir, from Old English brōþor, from Proto-West Germanic *brōþer, from Proto-Germanic *brōþēr, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈbrøːðər/, /ˈbrøːdər/

Noun

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brother (plural brether or brethren)

  1. A brother; a male sibling.
  2. A colleague or companion.
  3. A fellow member of an organisation.

Descendants

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References

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Old Frisian

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Etymology

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From Proto-West Germanic *brōþer.

Noun

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brōther m

  1. brother

Descendants

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Portuguese

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Etymology

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Borrowed from English brother. Doublet of frade, freire, frei, bro, and brada.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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brother m (plural brothers)

  1. (slang) bro (close friend)
    Esse cara é o meu brother. ― That guy is my bro.

Derived terms

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Scots

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Noun

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brother

  1. alternative form of brither

References

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Spanish

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Etymology

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Borrowed from English brother.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈbɾodeɾ/ [ˈbɾo.ð̞eɾ]
  • Rhymes: -odeɾ
  • Syllabification: bro‧ther

Noun

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brother m (plural brothers)

  1. (colloquial, US, Puerto Rico, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Bolivia) bro, dude, brother
    Synonyms: (vulgar) cabrón, mano

Further reading

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