peruna
Faroese
[edit]Noun
[edit]peruna
Finnish
[edit]
Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Late Old Swedish pærun (“pear”) (compare dialectal Finnish Swedish pärun, perun and standard Swedish päron).[1][2][3] Originally meant “pear”, in which sense it has been attested since the time of Mikael Agricola (output c. 1543–1552); meaning shifted to “potato” in the late 18th century (first attested in 1787). Doublet of päärynä.
Details on semantic shift
When potatoes were first introduced to Finland in the 18th century, they were usually called maaperuna (literally “earth-pear”) (compare Swedish jordpäron (“potato”), German Erdbirne (“potato”, literally “earth-pear”), Grundbirne (literally “ground-pear”)).[1][2][3] “ground/earth apple” is also found in neighboring languages, such as German Erdapfel, French pomme de terre, Russian земляно́е я́блоко (zemljanóje jábloko), and may be older than “ground/earth pear”, which might originate from German.
A similar name 'earth-pear' or 'earth-apple' is used in some languages of another root vegetable, the Jerusalem artichoke: English ground pear, Dutch aardpeer, Norman paithe dé tèrre, Russian земляна́я гру́ша (zemljanája grúša), Armenian գետնախնձոր (getnaxnjor), Turkish yer elması.
peruna in its modern sense is first mentioned in a 1787 dictionary by Christfried Ganander.[2] As the potato grew in relevance, there was pressure to shorten the name to simply peruna, as potatoes quickly become much more relevant for Finnish speakers than pears. For the sense “pear”, the doublet päärynä came about as a more recent borrowing from Swedish, and ambiguity was thus avoided.
An occasional folk etymology states that this term comes from the name of the country of Peru, because that is where the modern cultivated potato originates from.
Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): /ˈperunɑ/, [ˈpe̞runɑ̝]
Audio: (file) - Rhymes: -erunɑ
- Syllabification(key): pe‧ru‧na
- Hyphenation(key): pe‧ru‧na
Noun
[edit]peruna
- potato, Solanum tuberosum (plant and the tuber)
- Synonyms: (informal) pottu, (dialectal or archaic) potaatti, (obsolete, dialectal) jyrkkö
- 1800-luvulla peruna syrjäytti nauriin Suomen tärkeimpänä juureksena.
- In the 19th century, the potato replaced the turnip as the most important root vegetable in Finland.
- Peruna on pyöreä, peruna on soikea, peruna on ruokaa ihan oikeaa (children's song)
- Potatoes are round, potatoes are oval, potatoes are proper food
- (obsolete) synonym of päärynä (“pear”)
Declension
[edit]| Inflection of peruna (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | peruna | perunat | |
| genitive | perunan | perunoiden perunoitten | |
| partitive | perunaa | perunoita | |
| illative | perunaan | perunoihin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | peruna | perunat | |
| accusative | nom. | peruna | perunat |
| gen. | perunan | ||
| genitive | perunan | perunoiden perunoitten perunain rare | |
| partitive | perunaa | perunoita | |
| inessive | perunassa | perunoissa | |
| elative | perunasta | perunoista | |
| illative | perunaan | perunoihin | |
| adessive | perunalla | perunoilla | |
| ablative | perunalta | perunoilta | |
| allative | perunalle | perunoille | |
| essive | perunana | perunoina | |
| translative | perunaksi | perunoiksi | |
| abessive | perunatta | perunoitta | |
| instructive | — | perunoin | |
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | ||
Now proscribed:
| Inflection of peruna (Kotus type 11/omena, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | peruna | perunat | |
| genitive | perunan | perunien perunoiden perunoitten | |
| partitive | perunaa | perunia perunoita | |
| illative | perunaan | peruniin perunoihin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | peruna | perunat | |
| accusative | nom. | peruna | perunat |
| gen. | perunan | ||
| genitive | perunan | perunien perunoiden perunoitten perunojen rare perunain rare | |
| partitive | perunaa | perunia perunoita perunoja rare | |
| inessive | perunassa | perunoissa perunissa | |
| elative | perunasta | perunoista perunista | |
| illative | perunaan | peruniin perunoihin | |
| adessive | perunalla | perunoilla perunilla | |
| ablative | perunalta | perunoilta perunilta | |
| allative | perunalle | perunoille perunille | |
| essive | perunana | perunoina perunina | |
| translative | perunaksi | perunoiksi peruniksi | |
| abessive | perunatta | perunoitta perunitta | |
| instructive | — | perunoin perunin | |
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | ||
| Possessive forms of peruna (Kotus type 11/omena, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derived terms
[edit]compounds
- herkkuperuna
- kalaperunat
- keitinperuna
- kermaperuna
- kokoperunat
- kumiperuna
- kuoriperuna
- lankkuperuna
- lihaperunalaatikko
- liha-perunavuoka
- lohkoperuna
- makkaraperunat
- paistinperuna
- palloperuna
- pannuperuna
- pariisinperuna
- peruna-ankeroinen
- perunahiutale
- perunajauho
- perunakappa
- perunakattila
- perunakeitto
- perunakellari
- perunakiusaus
- perunakuokka
- perunakuoppa
- perunakuoriainen
- perunakuutio
- perunalaari
- perunalaatikko
- perunalajike
- perunalastu
- perunaleivos
- perunalettu
- perunalimppu
- perunalohko
- perunalumi
- perunamaa
- perunamakkara
- perunamuhennos
- perunamuusi
- perunamylly
- perunamämmi
- perunanenä
- perunanhitu
- perunanistutus
- perunanistutuskone
- perunanitu
- perunankukka
- perunankuori
- perunankuorimaveitsi
- perunankuorimisveitsi
- perunankylvö
- perunanlohko
- perunanmukula
- perunannostaja
- perunannosto
- perunannostokone
- perunanpano
- perunansiemen
- perunantaimi
- perunanuija
- perunanvarsi
- perunanviljely
- perunaohukainen
- perunapelto
- perunapenkki
- perunapiirakka
- perunapuristin
- perunapuuro
- perunarieska
- perunarupi
- perunarutto
- perunarösti
- perunasalaatti
- perunasarka
- perunasato
- perunaskonssi
- perunasoppa
- perunasose
- perunasurvin
- perunasuurimo
- perunasyöpä
- perunasäkki
- perunateatteri
- perunateollisuus
- perunatärkkelys
- perunavako
- perunavalmiste
- perunavelli
- perunavesi
- perunaviina
- perunaviipale
- perunaviljelmä
- perunaviljelys
- puikulaperuna
- ranskanperuna
- rehuperuna
- ristikkoperuna
- ruokaperuna
- röstiperunat
- siemenperuna
- silakkaperunat
- sohvaperuna
- tikkuperuna
- tomaattiperuna
- tulivuoriperuna
- uuniperuna
- valkosipuliperunat
- varhaisperuna
- veneperuna
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Erkki Itkonen, Ulla-Maija Kulonen, editors (1992–2000), “peruna”, in Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The Origin of Finnish Words][1] (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Häkkinen, Kaisa (2004), Nykysuomen etymologinen sanakirja [Modern Finnish Etymological Dictionary] (in Finnish), Juva: WSOY, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kirsti Aapala (27 June 2025 (last accessed)), “Sanojen alkuperästä: Peruna ja päärynä”, in Kotus[2] (in Finnish)
Further reading
[edit]- “peruna”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish][3] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 3 July 2023
Anagrams
[edit]Icelandic
[edit]Noun
[edit]peruna
Categories:
- Faroese non-lemma forms
- Faroese noun forms
- Finnish terms borrowed from Late Old Swedish
- Finnish terms derived from Late Old Swedish
- Finnish doublets
- Finnish 3-syllable words
- Finnish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Finnish terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Finnish/erunɑ
- Rhymes:Finnish/erunɑ/3 syllables
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish nouns
- Finnish terms with usage examples
- Finnish terms with obsolete senses
- Finnish kulkija-type nominals
- Finnish omena-type nominals
- fi:Potatoes
- fi:Vegetables
- Icelandic non-lemma forms
- Icelandic noun forms