γλαφυρός

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From γλάφω (gláphō, “scrape, dig up, hollow”).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /ɡla.pʰy.rós/ → /ɣla.ɸyˈros/ → /ɣla.fiˈros/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /ɡla.pʰy.rós/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ɡla.pʰyˈros/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ɣla.ɸyˈros/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ɣla.fyˈros/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ɣla.fiˈros/

Adjective

γλᾰφῠρός • (glaphurós) m (feminine γλᾰφῠρᾱ́, neuter γλᾰφῠρόν); first/second declension

1. (Epic) hollow, hollowed (epithet of caves and ships)
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.453–454:

     Τοῖσι δ’ ἄφαρ πόλεμος γλυκίων γένετ’ ἠὲ νέεσθαι
     ἐν νηυσὶ γλαφυρῇσι φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν.

     Toîsi d’ áphar pólemos glukíōn génet’ ēè néesthai
     en nēusì glaphurêisi phílēn es patrída gaîan.

     Immediately battle became sweeter to them than to return
     in hollowed ships to their dear homeland.

   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.13–15:

     Τὸν δ’ οἶον, νόστου κεχρημένον ἠδὲ γυναικός,
     νύμφη πότνι’ ἔρῡκε Καλυψώ, δῖα θεᾱ́ων,
     ἐν σπέσσι γλαφυροῖσι, λιλαιομένη πόσιν εἶναι.

     Tòn d’ oîon, nóstou kekhrēménon ēdè gunaikós,
     númphē pótni’ érūke Kalupsṓ, dîa theā́ōn,
     en spéssi glaphuroîsi, lilaioménē pósin eînai.

     Him alone, longing for homecoming and his wife,
     the revered nymph Calypso, brightest of goddesses, detained
     in hollow caves, longing for him to be her husband.

2. polished
3. neat, delicate; subtle, exact, refined, elegant

Inflection

First and second declension of γλᾰφῠρός; γλᾰφῠρᾱ́; γλᾰφῠρόν (Attic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		γλᾰφῠρός glaphurós	γλᾰφῠρᾱ́ glaphurā́	γλᾰφῠρόν glaphurón		γλᾰφῠρώ glaphurṓ	γλᾰφῠρᾱ́ glaphurā́	γλᾰφῠρώ glaphurṓ		γλᾰφῠροί glaphuroí	γλᾰφῠραί glaphuraí	γλᾰφῠρᾰ́ glaphurá
Genitive		γλᾰφῠροῦ glaphuroû	γλᾰφῠρᾶς glaphurâs	γλᾰφῠροῦ glaphuroû		γλᾰφῠροῖν glaphuroîn	γλᾰφῠραῖν glaphuraîn	γλᾰφῠροῖν glaphuroîn		γλᾰφῠρῶν glaphurôn	γλᾰφῠρῶν glaphurôn	γλᾰφῠρῶν glaphurôn
Dative		γλᾰφῠρῷ glaphurôi	γλᾰφῠρᾷ glaphurâi	γλᾰφῠρῷ glaphurôi		γλᾰφῠροῖν glaphuroîn	γλᾰφῠραῖν glaphuraîn	γλᾰφῠροῖν glaphuroîn		γλᾰφῠροῖς glaphuroîs	γλᾰφῠραῖς glaphuraîs	γλᾰφῠροῖς glaphuroîs
Accusative		γλᾰφῠρόν glaphurón	γλᾰφῠρᾱ́ν glaphurā́n	γλᾰφῠρόν glaphurón		γλᾰφῠρώ glaphurṓ	γλᾰφῠρᾱ́ glaphurā́	γλᾰφῠρώ glaphurṓ		γλᾰφῠρούς glaphuroús	γλᾰφῠρᾱ́ς glaphurā́s	γλᾰφῠρᾰ́ glaphurá
Vocative		γλᾰφῠρέ glaphuré	γλᾰφῠρᾱ́ glaphurā́	γλᾰφῠρόν glaphurón		γλᾰφῠρώ glaphurṓ	γλᾰφῠρᾱ́ glaphurā́	γλᾰφῠρώ glaphurṓ		γλᾰφῠροί glaphuroí	γλᾰφῠραί glaphuraí	γλᾰφῠρᾰ́ glaphurá
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		γλᾰφῠρῶς glaphurôs				γλᾰφῠρώτερος glaphurṓteros				γλᾰφῠρώτᾰτος glaphurṓtatos
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

First and second declension of γλᾰφῠρός; γλᾰφῠρή; γλᾰφῠρόν (Epic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		γλᾰφῠρός glaphurós	γλᾰφῠρή glaphurḗ	γλᾰφῠρόν glaphurón		γλᾰφῠρώ glaphurṓ	γλᾰφῠρᾱ́ glaphurā́	γλᾰφῠρώ glaphurṓ		γλᾰφῠροί glaphuroí	γλᾰφῠραί glaphuraí	γλᾰφῠρᾰ́ glaphurá
Genitive		γλᾰφῠροῦ / γλᾰφῠροῖο / γλᾰφῠρόο glaphuroû / glaphuroîo / glaphuróo	γλᾰφῠρῆς glaphurês	γλᾰφῠροῦ / γλᾰφῠροῖο / γλᾰφῠρόο glaphuroû / glaphuroîo / glaphuróo		γλᾰφῠροῖῐν glaphuroîin	γλᾰφῠραῖν / γλᾰφῠραῖῐν / γλᾰφῠρῇῐν glaphuraî(i)n / glaphurêiin	γλᾰφῠροῖῐν glaphuroîin		γλᾰφῠρῶν glaphurôn	γλᾰφῠρᾱ́ων / γλᾰφῠρέ͜ων / γλᾰφῠρῶν glaphurā́ōn / glaphuré͜ōn / glaphurôn	γλᾰφῠρῶν glaphurôn
Dative		γλᾰφῠρῷ glaphurôi	γλᾰφῠρῇ glaphurêi	γλᾰφῠρῷ glaphurôi		γλᾰφῠροῖῐν glaphuroîin	γλᾰφῠραῖν / γλᾰφῠραῖῐν / γλᾰφῠρῇῐν glaphuraî(i)n / glaphurêiin	γλᾰφῠροῖῐν glaphuroîin		γλᾰφῠροῖσῐ / γλᾰφῠροῖσῐν / γλᾰφῠροῖς glaphuroîsi(n) / glaphuroîs	γλᾰφῠρῇσῐ / γλᾰφῠρῇσῐν / γλᾰφῠρῇς / γλᾰφῠραῖς glaphurêisi(n) / glaphurêis / glaphuraîs	γλᾰφῠροῖσῐ / γλᾰφῠροῖσῐν / γλᾰφῠροῖς glaphuroîsi(n) / glaphuroîs
Accusative		γλᾰφῠρόν glaphurón	γλᾰφῠρήν glaphurḗn	γλᾰφῠρόν glaphurón		γλᾰφῠρώ glaphurṓ	γλᾰφῠρᾱ́ glaphurā́	γλᾰφῠρώ glaphurṓ		γλᾰφῠρούς glaphuroús	γλᾰφῠρᾱ́ς glaphurā́s	γλᾰφῠρᾰ́ glaphurá
Vocative		γλᾰφῠρέ glaphuré	γλᾰφῠρή glaphurḗ	γλᾰφῠρόν glaphurón		γλᾰφῠρώ glaphurṓ	γλᾰφῠρᾱ́ glaphurā́	γλᾰφῠρώ glaphurṓ		γλᾰφῠροί glaphuroí	γλᾰφῠραί glaphuraí	γλᾰφῠρᾰ́ glaphurá
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		γλᾰφῠρῶς glaphurôs				γλᾰφῠρώτερος glaphurṓteros				γλᾰφῠρώτᾰτος glaphurṓtatos
Notes:		Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Further reading

• “γλαφυρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “γλαφυρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “γλαφυρός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• γλαφυρός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• “γλαφυρός”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter