ござる
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Japanese[edit]
| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 御座る 厶る (rare) |
Etymology[edit]
Shift from ござある (gozaaru),[1] composed of ご (honorific prefix) + ざ (“seat”) + ある (“to be, to have”), literally “to have one's honorable seat”.
According to Kōjien, the above is derived from the Sino-Japanese reading of (the kanji in the ateji spelling of) 御座す (owasu) + あり (ari) (the classical form of ある (aru)).[2]
Pronunciation[edit]
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "ござる"
| Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
ござる | ござる | [gòzáꜜrù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | - | - | - |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | ござられる | ござられる | [gòzáráréꜜrù] |
| Causative | ござらせる | ござらせる | [gòzáráséꜜrù] |
| Potential | - | - | - |
| Volitional | ござろう | ござろー | [gòzáróꜜò] |
| Negative | ござらない | ござらない | [gòzáráꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | ござらなかった | ござらなかった | [gòzáráꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | ござります | ござります | [gòzárímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | ござった | ござった | [gòzáꜜttà] |
| Conjunctive | ござって | ござって | [gòzáꜜttè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | ござれば | ござれば | [gòzáꜜrèbà] |
Verb[edit]
ござる • (gozaru) intransitive godan (stem ござり (gozari) or ござい (gozai), past ござった (gozatta))
Usage notes[edit]
- In classical Japanese, ござる (gozaru) was the polite form of ある (aru) applicable to both animate and inanimate objects. It survives in modern Japanese only in the inflected forms ございました (gozaimashita), ございましたら (gozaimashitara), ございます (gozaimasu), and です (desu), which may originate from a contraction of でございます (de gozaimasu). ご (go-) is a politeness prefix, ざ (za) is the equivalent of ある (aru) in Sino-Japanese, and finally る (-ru) is a suffix for verbs. Another opinion is that it is a contraction of ござある (gozaaru), composed of 御座 (goza, “noble seat”) and ある (aru, “to exist”, literally “to be on a noble seat”).
- In modern popular culture, it is associated with ninja.
Conjugation[edit]
Conjugation of "ござる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | ござら | gozara | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | ござい ござり |
gozai gozari | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | ござる | gozaru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | ござる | gozaru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | ござれ | gozare | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | ござい | gozai | |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | ござられる | gozarareru | |
| Causative | ござらせる ござらす |
gozaraseru gozarasu | |
| Potential | ござれる | gozareru | |
| Volitional | ござろう | gozarō | |
| Negative | ござらない | gozaranai | |
| Negative continuative | ござらず | gozarazu | |
| Formal | ございます | gozaimasu | |
| Perfective | ござった | gozatta | |
| Conjunctive | ござって | gozatte | |
| Hypothetical conditional | ござれば | gozareba | |
References[edit]
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN