河洛
Chinese
[edit]river | surname; name of a river | ||
---|---|---|---|
simp. and trad. (河洛) |
河 | 洛 |
Etymology 1
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): ho4 lok6 / ho4 lok3
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Hô-lo̍k
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6wu-loq
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˊ ㄌㄨㄛˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: Héluò
- Wade–Giles: Ho2-lo4
- Yale: Hé-lwò
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Herluoh
- Palladius: Хэло (Xɛlo)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xɤ³⁵ lu̯ɔ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: ho4 lok6 / ho4 lok3
- Yale: hòh lohk / hòh lok
- Cantonese Pinyin: ho4 lok9 / ho4 lok8
- Guangdong Romanization: ho4 log6 / ho4 log3
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɔː²¹ lɔːk̚²/, /hɔː²¹ lɔːk̚³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Middle Chinese: ha lak
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡaːl ɡ·raːɡ/
Proper noun
[edit]河洛
- Yellow River and Luo River
- the area between the Yellow River and Luo River
- Short for 河圖洛書/河图洛书.
Etymology 2
[edit]The endonym of some Hokkien speakers in Taiwan, not used in Hokkien-speaking areas of Fujian. It is etymologically unrelated to Etymology 1 河洛 (Héluò, “Yellow River and Luo River”) (Wei and Lee, 2019). The earliest origins of the term are:
- As an exonym for Han people in Fujian used by She people, attested in the form 河老 in 天下郡國利病書 [17th century]. The first syllable was written as 河 (hé, “Yellow River”) and associated with Henan by intellectuals at the time, but it is likely etymologically unrelated to 河 (hé) as 河 (hé) lacks a stop coda in Hakka and Southern Min.
- As a derogatory exonym for Southern Min speaking people used by Hakka people in eastern Guangdong, first attested in the form 貉獠 in the place name 貉獠坪 in then Yong'an county, Huizhou prefecture (present day Zijin, Heyuan) in the Annals of Yong'an County [1586]. The alternative form of the place name, 貉老坪, is recorded in Gujin Tushu Jicheng [1725]. This exonym was likely derogatory given the use of the character 貉 (ho̍k) to write the first syllable, even though the first syllable may not be related to 貉 (“racoon dog”) etymologically. Note 學老/学老 (ho̍k-ló) remains an exonym for Southern Min speaking people in Hakka to this day, and 學老 is commonly attested in place names in Hakka-speaking areas of eastern Guangdong (ibid.).
The earliest attestation of 鶴老 is found in Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum [1626–1642] as the name for Hokkien speaking people. In Taiwan, 鶴老 appeared no later than 1769, while 學老 appeared no later than 1796. The association with 河洛 (Héluò) is a late folk etymology, with the first attestation of 河洛 (Héluò) found in Taiwan scholar Wu Huai's 1957 paper titled 〈河洛語中之唐宋故事〉, and has since become popular.
The form 福佬 is possibly the result of reanalysis of this word based on associating the first syllable with Hokkien 福 (Hok) (as in 福建 (Hok-kiàn, “Fujian”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˊ ㄌㄨㄛˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: Héluò
- Wade–Giles: Ho2-lo4
- Yale: Hé-lwò
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Herluoh
- Palladius: Хэло (Xɛlo)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xɤ³⁵ lu̯ɔ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hô-ló
- Tâi-lô: Hô-ló
- Phofsit Daibuun: hoiloir
- IPA (Taipei): /ho²⁴⁻¹¹ lo⁵³/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɤ²³⁻³³ lɤ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ho̍h-ló
- Tâi-lô: Ho̍h-ló
- Phofsit Daibuun: hoiqloir
- IPA (Taipei): /ho(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ lo⁵³/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hō-ló
- Tâi-lô: Hō-ló
- Phofsit Daibuun: hoixloir
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɤ³³⁻²¹ lɤ⁴¹/
- IPA (Taipei): /ho³³⁻¹¹ lo⁵³/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
Noun
[edit]河洛
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
- Cantonese lemmas
- Hokkien lemmas
- Wu lemmas
- Middle Chinese lemmas
- Old Chinese lemmas
- Chinese proper nouns
- Mandarin proper nouns
- Cantonese proper nouns
- Hokkien proper nouns
- Wu proper nouns
- Middle Chinese proper nouns
- Old Chinese proper nouns
- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese terms spelled with 河
- Chinese terms spelled with 洛
- Chinese short forms
- Chinese nouns
- Mandarin nouns
- Hokkien nouns