Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/halmaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

• *helmaz

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱolh₂mos, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₂- (“to stick; prick; stab”). Cognate with Latin culmus, Ancient Greek κάλαμος (kálamos). Kroonen, who adds Lithuanian kélmas (“tree trunk”) as a cognate, reconstructs the original athematic paradigm as *ḱélh₂-m̥ ~ *ḱl̥h₂-m-ós (cf. *elm-, *alm-, *ulm- (“elm”)), rejecting Beekes' *ḱólh₂-m̥ ~ *ḱl̥h₂-ém-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxɑl.mɑz/

Noun

*halmaz m

1. (botany) halm; stem; stalk
2. straw; hay

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *halmaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*halmaz	*halmōz, *halmōs
vocative	*halm	*halmōz, *halmōs
accusative	*halmą	*halmanz
genitive	*halmas, *halmis	*halmǫ̂
dative	*halmai	*halmamaz
instrumental	*halmō	*halmamiz

Related terms

• *helmaz (see Proto-West Germanic *helm)
• ^? *helmô

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *halm
  • Old English: healm n, halm
    • Middle English: healm, halm, helm, holm
      • English: halm, haulm
      • Scots: haulm
  • Old Frisian: *halm
    • Saterland Frisian: Hoolm
    • West Frisian: haal
  • Old Saxon: halm
    • Middle Low German: halm
      • German Low German: Halm
  • Old Dutch: *halm
    • Middle Dutch: halm
      • Dutch: halm
        • Afrikaans: halm
  • Old High German: halm
    • Middle High German: halm, halme, helm
      • German: Halm
      • Luxembourgish: Hallem
• Old Norse: halmr
  • Icelandic: hálmur
  • Faroese: hálmur
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: halm; (dialectal) hålm’e, håm’e
  • Swedish: halm
  • Danish: halm
    • Norwegian Bokmål: halm