Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/čisti

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *(s)keistéi (mobile accent), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kʷeyt-. Cognate with Latvian šķist (“to think, to suppose”).

Verb

*čistì impf (frequentative *čitati)

1. to count (determine the total number of)

   Synonym: *ličiti

2. to divine
3. to read (to interpret, or infer a meaning, significance, thought, intention)
4. to pay attention, to pay heed, to notice, to perceive, to comprehend, to understand
5. to honour, to worship, to esteem, to respect

Inflection

Conjugation of *čisti, *čьte, *čьtetь (impf., -C-, _/ox-aorist, accent paradigm c)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*čьtenьje	*čisti	*čistъ	*čьtlъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*čьtenъ	*čьtomъ
Active	*čьtъ	*čьty

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*čьt(ox)ъ	*čьte	*čьte	*čьtǫ	*čьteši	*čьtetь
Dual	*čьt(ox)ově	*čьt(e/os)ta	*čьt(e/os)te	*čьtevě	*čьteta	*čьtete
Plural	*čьt(ox)omъ	*čьt(e/os)te	*čьtǫ, *čьtošę	*čьtemъ	*čьtete	*čьtǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*čьtěaxъ	*čьtěaše	*čьtěaše	—	*čьti	*čьti
Dual	*čьtěaxově	*čьtěašeta	*čьtěašete	*čьtěvě	*čьtěta	—
Plural	*čьtěaxomъ	*čьtěašete	*čьtěaxǫ	*čьtěmъ	*čьtěte	—

Derived terms

• *čitati
• *čislo (“number”)
• *čьstь (“honour”)
• *čьtъ (“account”)
  • *otъčьtъ (“record, report”)
  • *bezčьtъ (“infinity, countlessness”)
  • *orzčьtъ (“calculation, estimation”)
• *čьtьnъ (“even (for numbers)”)
  • *bezčьtьnъ (“odd (for numbers)”)
• *čьtеnъ (“readable, literate”)
• *čьtеnьje (“reading”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: чисти (čisti), ⇒ чьсти (čĭsti), чести (česti)
    • ⇒ Ukrainian: чти́ти (čtýty)
    • ⇒ Russian: (obsolete, dialectal) честь (čestʹ), (bookish) чтить (čtitʹ)
  • ⇒ Old Novgorodian: чьсти (čĭsti)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: чисти (čisti)

    Glagolitic script: ⱍⰻⱄⱅⰻ (čisti)

    • Bulgarian: чета́ (četá)
    • Macedonian: чете (čete) (dialectal)
  • Old Serbo-Croatian: čisti (attested 13-16 cent.)
    • ⇒ Serbo-Croatian:

      Cyrillic script: (obsolete) ча̀тити, ча̀тати, чта̏ти, чти̏ти, чтјети, (dialectal) шти̏ти, штјети, штети

      Latin script: (obsolete) čàtiti, čàtati, čtȁti, čtȉti, čtjeti, (dialectal) štȉti, štjeti, šteti

  • ⇒ Slovene: štéti, (dialectal) čtéti
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: čísti
    • Czech: číst
  • Old Polish: czyść, ⇒ czcić
    • Polish: czyść (obsolete)
  • Polabian: catĕ (3. sg. praes.)
  • Pomeranian:
    • ⇒ Kashubian: tczëc

Further reading

• Snoj, Marko (2016) “štẹ́ti”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “*čisti̋, sed. *čь̏tǫ”