νηφάλιος
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Ancient Greek
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From νήφω (nḗphō, “to be sober, to abstain from wine, to be self-controlled”) + -άλιος (-álios). This family of words pertaining to sobriety (including also νήφων m (nḗphōn), νηφαίνω (nēphaínō, verb)) are related to Old Armenian նաւթի (nawtʻi, “fasting”, adjective). Ultimately, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *n-H(H)gʷʰ-ti-o- or from Proto-Indo-European *h₁egʷʰ- (“to drink”) prefixed with the negative particle *n̥-.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /nɛː.pʰá.li.os/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ne̝ˈpʰa.li.os/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /niˈɸa.li.os/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /niˈfa.li.os/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /niˈfa.li.os/
Adjective
[edit]νηφάλιος • (nēphálios) m (feminine νηφαλία, neuter νηφάλιον); first/second declension
- (of people) sober, not inebriated
- unmixed with wine, wineless
- νηφάλιαι θυσίαι ― nēpháliai thusíai ― wineless libations/sacrifices
- νηφάλια θύειν ― nēphália thúein ― to offer wineless libations
- νηφάλια μειλίγματα ― nēphália meilígmata ― offerings of water, milk, and honey to the Eumenides
- νηφάλιος κρατήρ ― nēphálios kratḗr ― krater containing liquids unmixed with wine
- νηφάλια ξύλα ― nēphália xúla ― wood other than vine twigs, burned in sacrifices
Declension
[edit]Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
Nominative | νηφᾰ́λῐος nēphálios |
νηφᾰλῐ́ᾱ nēphalíā |
νηφᾰ́λῐον nēphálion |
νηφᾰλῐ́ω nēphalíō |
νηφᾰλῐ́ᾱ nēphalíā |
νηφᾰλῐ́ω nēphalíō |
νηφᾰ́λῐοι nēphálioi |
νηφᾰ́λῐαι nēpháliai |
νηφᾰ́λῐᾰ nēphália | |||||
Genitive | νηφᾰλῐ́ου nēphalíou |
νηφᾰλῐ́ᾱς nēphalíās |
νηφᾰλῐ́ου nēphalíou |
νηφᾰλῐ́οιν nēphalíoin |
νηφᾰλῐ́αιν nēphalíain |
νηφᾰλῐ́οιν nēphalíoin |
νηφᾰλῐ́ων nēphalíōn |
νηφᾰλῐ́ων nēphalíōn |
νηφᾰλῐ́ων nēphalíōn | |||||
Dative | νηφᾰλῐ́ῳ nēphalíōi |
νηφᾰλῐ́ᾳ nēphalíāi |
νηφᾰλῐ́ῳ nēphalíōi |
νηφᾰλῐ́οιν nēphalíoin |
νηφᾰλῐ́αιν nēphalíain |
νηφᾰλῐ́οιν nēphalíoin |
νηφᾰλῐ́οις nēphalíois |
νηφᾰλῐ́αις nēphalíais |
νηφᾰλῐ́οις nēphalíois | |||||
Accusative | νηφᾰ́λῐον nēphálion |
νηφᾰλῐ́ᾱν nēphalíān |
νηφᾰ́λῐον nēphálion |
νηφᾰλῐ́ω nēphalíō |
νηφᾰλῐ́ᾱ nēphalíā |
νηφᾰλῐ́ω nēphalíō |
νηφᾰλῐ́ους nēphalíous |
νηφᾰλῐ́ᾱς nēphalíās |
νηφᾰ́λῐᾰ nēphália | |||||
Vocative | νηφᾰ́λῐε nēphálie |
νηφᾰλῐ́ᾱ nēphalíā |
νηφᾰ́λῐον nēphálion |
νηφᾰλῐ́ω nēphalíō |
νηφᾰλῐ́ᾱ nēphalíā |
νηφᾰλῐ́ω nēphalíō |
νηφᾰ́λῐοι nēphálioi |
νηφᾰ́λῐαι nēpháliai |
νηφᾰ́λῐᾰ nēphália | |||||
Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
νηφᾰλῐ́ως nēphalíōs |
νηφᾰλῐώτερος nēphaliṓteros |
νηφᾰλῐώτᾰτος nēphaliṓtatos | ||||||||||||
Notes: |
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Derived terms
[edit]- νηφαλιότης f (nēphaliótēs, “sobriety”)
- νηφαλίως (nēphalíōs, “in a sober manner”, adverb)
- νηφαλιεύω (nēphalieúō, “to offer wineless libations”, verb)
- νηφαλιεύς (nēphalieús, “sober (as an epithet of Apollo)”, adjective)
Further reading
[edit]- “νηφάλιος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “νηφάλιος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- νηφάλιος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek νηφάλιος (nēphálios).
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]νηφάλιος • (nifálios) m (feminine νηφάλια, neuter νηφάλιο)
- calm, astute, sober, collected, dispassionate
- νηφάλια σκέψη ― nifália sképsi ― a sober thought
- sober, not drunk
Declension
[edit]Declension of νηφάλιος
number case \ gender |
singular | plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
nominative | νηφάλιος • | νηφάλια • | νηφάλιο • | νηφάλιοι • | νηφάλιες • | νηφάλια • |
genitive | νηφάλιου • | νηφάλιας • | νηφάλιου • | νηφάλιων • | νηφάλιων • | νηφάλιων • |
accusative | νηφάλιο • | νηφάλια • | νηφάλιο • | νηφάλιους • | νηφάλιες • | νηφάλια • |
vocative | νηφάλιε • | νηφάλια • | νηφάλιο • | νηφάλιοι • | νηφάλιες • | νηφάλια • |
derivations | Comparative: πιο + positive forms (e.g. πιο νηφάλιος, etc.) Relative superlative: definite article + πιο + positive forms (e.g. ο πιο νηφάλιος, etc.) |
Degrees of comparison by suffixation
Related terms
[edit]- νηφάλια (nifália, “soberly, calmly”, adverb)
- νηφαλίως (nifalíos, “soberly, calmly”, adverb)
- νηφαλιότητα f (nifaliótita, “sobriety”)
Further reading
[edit]- νηφάλιος, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language
Categories:
- Ancient Greek terms suffixed with -άλιος
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek 4-syllable words
- Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ancient Greek lemmas
- Ancient Greek adjectives
- Ancient Greek proparoxytone terms
- Ancient Greek terms with usage examples
- Greek terms borrowed from Ancient Greek
- Greek learned borrowings from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Greek lemmas
- Greek adjectives
- Greek terms with usage examples
- Greek adjectives in declension ος-α-ο