χθόνιος

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From χθών (khthṓn, “ground, soil”) +‎ -ῐος (-ios), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /kʰtʰó.ni.os/ → /ˈxθo.ni.os/ → /ˈxθo.ni.os/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /kʰtʰó.ni.os/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈkʰtʰo.ni.os/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈxθo.ni.os/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈxθo.ni.os/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈxθo.ni.os/

Adjective

χθόνῐος • (khthónios) m (feminine χθονῐ́ᾱ, neuter χθόνῐον); first/second declension
χθόνῐος • (khthónios) m or f (neuter χθόνῐον); second declension

1. underground, subterranean, chthonian

Inflection

First and second declension of χθόνῐος; χθονῐ́ᾱ; χθόνῐον (Attic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		χθόνῐος khthónios	χθονῐ́ᾱ khthoníā	χθόνῐον khthónion		χθονῐ́ω khthoníō	χθονῐ́ᾱ khthoníā	χθονῐ́ω khthoníō		χθόνῐοι khthónioi	χθόνῐαι khthóniai	χθόνῐᾰ khthónia
Genitive		χθονῐ́ου khthoníou	χθονῐ́ᾱς khthoníās	χθονῐ́ου khthoníou		χθονῐ́οιν khthoníoin	χθονῐ́αιν khthoníain	χθονῐ́οιν khthoníoin		χθονῐ́ων khthoníōn	χθονῐ́ων khthoníōn	χθονῐ́ων khthoníōn
Dative		χθονῐ́ῳ khthoníōi	χθονῐ́ᾳ khthoníāi	χθονῐ́ῳ khthoníōi		χθονῐ́οιν khthoníoin	χθονῐ́αιν khthoníain	χθονῐ́οιν khthoníoin		χθονῐ́οις khthoníois	χθονῐ́αις khthoníais	χθονῐ́οις khthoníois
Accusative		χθόνῐον khthónion	χθονῐ́ᾱν khthoníān	χθόνῐον khthónion		χθονῐ́ω khthoníō	χθονῐ́ᾱ khthoníā	χθονῐ́ω khthoníō		χθονῐ́ους khthoníous	χθονῐ́ᾱς khthoníās	χθόνῐᾰ khthónia
Vocative		χθόνῐε khthónie	χθονῐ́ᾱ khthoníā	χθόνῐον khthónion		χθονῐ́ω khthoníō	χθονῐ́ᾱ khthoníā	χθονῐ́ω khthoníō		χθόνῐοι khthónioi	χθόνῐαι khthóniai	χθόνῐᾰ khthónia
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		χθονῐ́ως khthoníōs				χθονῐώτερος khthoniṓteros				χθονῐώτᾰτος khthoniṓtatos
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Second declension of χθόνῐος; χθόνῐον (Attic)

Number		Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine / Feminine	Neuter		Masculine / Feminine	Neuter		Masculine / Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		χθόνῐος khthónios	χθόνῐον khthónion		χθονῐ́ω khthoníō	χθονῐ́ω khthoníō		χθόνῐοι khthónioi	χθόνῐᾰ khthónia
Genitive		χθονῐ́ου khthoníou	χθονῐ́ου khthoníou		χθονῐ́οιν khthoníoin	χθονῐ́οιν khthoníoin		χθονῐ́ων khthoníōn	χθονῐ́ων khthoníōn
Dative		χθονῐ́ῳ khthoníōi	χθονῐ́ῳ khthoníōi		χθονῐ́οιν khthoníoin	χθονῐ́οιν khthoníoin		χθονῐ́οις khthoníois	χθονῐ́οις khthoníois
Accusative		χθόνῐον khthónion	χθόνῐον khthónion		χθονῐ́ω khthoníō	χθονῐ́ω khthoníō		χθονῐ́ους khthoníous	χθόνῐᾰ khthónia
Vocative		χθόνῐε khthónie	χθόνῐον khthónion		χθονῐ́ω khthoníō	χθονῐ́ω khthoníō		χθόνῐοι khthónioi	χθόνῐᾰ khthónia
Derived forms		Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
		χθονῐ́ως khthoníōs			χθονῐώτερος khthoniṓteros			χθονῐώτᾰτος khthoniṓtatos
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Synonyms

• ὑπόγειος (hupógeios)

Descendants

• English: chthonian
• Latin: chthonius
  • Italian: ctonio

References

• “χθόνιος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “χθόνιος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• χθόνιος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• “χθόνιος”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • hellish idem, page 395.
  • infernal idem, page 437.
  • nether idem, page 556.
  • subterranean idem, page 833.
  • tartarean idem, page 856.
  • under idem, page 912.
  • underground idem, page 913.
  • world idem, page 989.