أدب

See also: ادب and أدت

Arabic

Etymology 1.1

Root
د ء ب (d ʔ b)
4 terms

Probably back-formed singular from آدَاب (ʔādāb), a plural of the verbal noun دَأْب (daʔb), “persistence, perseverance”. (For the plural type, compare آبَار (ʔābār, “wells”), آثَار (ʔāṯār, “revenges, retaliations”), آرَاء (ʔārāʔ, “views, opinions”).

Various influences from Iranian at least for semantics are often claimed, surely inspired by some general idea of Abbasid cultural supremacy, and present Iranian patriotism hurt by the pervasiveness of Arabic-origin words in the Persian tongue.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʔa.dab/

Noun

أَدَب • (ʔadab) m (plural آدَاب (ʔādāb))

1. discipline
2. courtesy, etiquette
   • 8th century, Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ:

     الآداب الكبير

     Al-ʔādāb al-kabīr

     [A book on] Persian etiquette

3. civility
4. literature, belles-lettres
   • 10th century, Al-Mutanabbi:

     أَنَا الَّذِي نَظَرَ الْأَعْمَى إِلَى أَدَبِي / وَأَسْمَعَتْ كَلِمَاتِي مَنْ بِهِ صَمَمُ

     ʔanā llaḏī naẓara l-ʔaʕmā ʔilā ʔadabī / waʔasmaʕat kalimātī man bihi ṣamamu

     I am the one whose literature can be seen (even) by the blind / And whose words are heard (even) by the deaf.

5. politeness
6. decency
7. culture

Declension

Declension of noun أَدَب (ʔadab)

singular	basic singular triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	أَدَب ʔadab	الْأَدَب al-ʔadab	أَدَب ʔadab
nominative	أَدَبٌ ʔadabun	الْأَدَبُ al-ʔadabu	أَدَبُ ʔadabu
accusative	أَدَبًا ʔadaban	الْأَدَبَ al-ʔadaba	أَدَبَ ʔadaba
genitive	أَدَبٍ ʔadabin	الْأَدَبِ al-ʔadabi	أَدَبِ ʔadabi
dual	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	أَدَبَيْن ʔadabayn	الْأَدَبَيْن al-ʔadabayn	أَدَبَيْ ʔadabay
nominative	أَدَبَانِ ʔadabāni	الْأَدَبَانِ al-ʔadabāni	أَدَبَا ʔadabā
accusative	أَدَبَيْنِ ʔadabayni	الْأَدَبَيْنِ al-ʔadabayni	أَدَبَيْ ʔadabay
genitive	أَدَبَيْنِ ʔadabayni	الْأَدَبَيْنِ al-ʔadabayni	أَدَبَيْ ʔadabay
plural	basic broken plural triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	آدَاب ʔādāb	الْآدَاب al-ʔādāb	آدَاب ʔādāb
nominative	آدَابٌ ʔādābun	الْآدَابُ al-ʔādābu	آدَابُ ʔādābu
accusative	آدَابًا ʔādāban	الْآدَابَ al-ʔādāba	آدَابَ ʔādāba
genitive	آدَابٍ ʔādābin	الْآدَابِ al-ʔādābi	آدَابِ ʔādābi

Descendants

Descendants

• → Afar: adábi, ádab
• → Azerbaijani: ədəb
• → Malay: adab
• → Persian: ادب (adab)
  • → Bengali: আদব (adob)
  • → Hindustani:

    Hindi: अदब (adab)

    Urdu: اَدَب (adab)

  • → Punjabi:

    Gurmukhi script: ਅਦਬ (adab)

    Shahmukhi script: اَدَب (adab)

• → Swahili: adabu
• → Tausug: adab
• → Ottoman Turkish: ادب
  • → Turkish: adap
• → Uyghur: ئەدەپ (edep)

Further reading

• Asbaghi, Asya (1988), Persische Lehnwörter im Arabischen‎^[1] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, →ISBN, pages 6–7
• Guth, Stephan (2010), “Politness, Höflichkeit, ʾadab. A Comparative Conceptual-Cultural Perspective”, in Lutz Edzard, Stephan Guth, editors, Verbal Festivity in Arabic and Other Semitic Languages Proceedings of the Workshop at the Universitätsclub Bonn on January 16, 2009 (Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes; 72), Wiesbaden: Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft · Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, pages 25–27 from 9–30

Etymology 1.2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʔad.da.ba/

Verb

أَدَّبَ • (ʔaddaba) II (non-past يُؤَدِّبُ (yuʔaddibu), verbal noun تَأْدِيب (taʔdīb))

1. to educate
2. to correct, discipline, chastise

Conjugation

Conjugation of أَدَّبَ (II, sound, full passive, verbal noun تَأْدِيب)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						تَأْدِيب taʔdīb
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						مُؤَدِّب muʔaddib
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مُؤَدَّب muʔaddab
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	أَدَّبْتُ ʔaddabtu	أَدَّبْتَ ʔaddabta	أَدَّبَ ʔaddaba		أَدَّبْتُمَا ʔaddabtumā	أَدَّبَا ʔaddabā		أَدَّبْنَا ʔaddabnā	أَدَّبْتُمْ ʔaddabtum	أَدَّبُوا ʔaddabū
	f		أَدَّبْتِ ʔaddabti	أَدَّبَتْ ʔaddabat			أَدَّبَتَا ʔaddabatā			أَدَّبْتُنَّ ʔaddabtunna	أَدَّبْنَ ʔaddabna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُؤَدِّبُ ʔuʔaddibu	تُؤَدِّبُ tuʔaddibu	يُؤَدِّبُ yuʔaddibu		تُؤَدِّبَانِ tuʔaddibāni	يُؤَدِّبَانِ yuʔaddibāni		نُؤَدِّبُ nuʔaddibu	تُؤَدِّبُونَ tuʔaddibūna	يُؤَدِّبُونَ yuʔaddibūna
	f		تُؤَدِّبِينَ tuʔaddibīna	تُؤَدِّبُ tuʔaddibu			تُؤَدِّبَانِ tuʔaddibāni			تُؤَدِّبْنَ tuʔaddibna	يُؤَدِّبْنَ yuʔaddibna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُؤَدِّبَ ʔuʔaddiba	تُؤَدِّبَ tuʔaddiba	يُؤَدِّبَ yuʔaddiba		تُؤَدِّبَا tuʔaddibā	يُؤَدِّبَا yuʔaddibā		نُؤَدِّبَ nuʔaddiba	تُؤَدِّبُوا tuʔaddibū	يُؤَدِّبُوا yuʔaddibū
	f		تُؤَدِّبِي tuʔaddibī	تُؤَدِّبَ tuʔaddiba			تُؤَدِّبَا tuʔaddibā			تُؤَدِّبْنَ tuʔaddibna	يُؤَدِّبْنَ yuʔaddibna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُؤَدِّبْ ʔuʔaddib	تُؤَدِّبْ tuʔaddib	يُؤَدِّبْ yuʔaddib		تُؤَدِّبَا tuʔaddibā	يُؤَدِّبَا yuʔaddibā		نُؤَدِّبْ nuʔaddib	تُؤَدِّبُوا tuʔaddibū	يُؤَدِّبُوا yuʔaddibū
	f		تُؤَدِّبِي tuʔaddibī	تُؤَدِّبْ tuʔaddib			تُؤَدِّبَا tuʔaddibā			تُؤَدِّبْنَ tuʔaddibna	يُؤَدِّبْنَ yuʔaddibna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		أَدِّبْ ʔaddib			أَدِّبَا ʔaddibā				أَدِّبُوا ʔaddibū
	f		أَدِّبِي ʔaddibī							أَدِّبْنَ ʔaddibna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	أُدِّبْتُ ʔuddibtu	أُدِّبْتَ ʔuddibta	أُدِّبَ ʔuddiba		أُدِّبْتُمَا ʔuddibtumā	أُدِّبَا ʔuddibā		أُدِّبْنَا ʔuddibnā	أُدِّبْتُمْ ʔuddibtum	أُدِّبُوا ʔuddibū
	f		أُدِّبْتِ ʔuddibti	أُدِّبَتْ ʔuddibat			أُدِّبَتَا ʔuddibatā			أُدِّبْتُنَّ ʔuddibtunna	أُدِّبْنَ ʔuddibna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُؤَدَّبُ ʔuʔaddabu	تُؤَدَّبُ tuʔaddabu	يُؤَدَّبُ yuʔaddabu		تُؤَدَّبَانِ tuʔaddabāni	يُؤَدَّبَانِ yuʔaddabāni		نُؤَدَّبُ nuʔaddabu	تُؤَدَّبُونَ tuʔaddabūna	يُؤَدَّبُونَ yuʔaddabūna
	f		تُؤَدَّبِينَ tuʔaddabīna	تُؤَدَّبُ tuʔaddabu			تُؤَدَّبَانِ tuʔaddabāni			تُؤَدَّبْنَ tuʔaddabna	يُؤَدَّبْنَ yuʔaddabna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُؤَدَّبَ ʔuʔaddaba	تُؤَدَّبَ tuʔaddaba	يُؤَدَّبَ yuʔaddaba		تُؤَدَّبَا tuʔaddabā	يُؤَدَّبَا yuʔaddabā		نُؤَدَّبَ nuʔaddaba	تُؤَدَّبُوا tuʔaddabū	يُؤَدَّبُوا yuʔaddabū
	f		تُؤَدَّبِي tuʔaddabī	تُؤَدَّبَ tuʔaddaba			تُؤَدَّبَا tuʔaddabā			تُؤَدَّبْنَ tuʔaddabna	يُؤَدَّبْنَ yuʔaddabna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُؤَدَّبْ ʔuʔaddab	تُؤَدَّبْ tuʔaddab	يُؤَدَّبْ yuʔaddab		تُؤَدَّبَا tuʔaddabā	يُؤَدَّبَا yuʔaddabā		نُؤَدَّبْ nuʔaddab	تُؤَدَّبُوا tuʔaddabū	يُؤَدَّبُوا yuʔaddabū
	f		تُؤَدَّبِي tuʔaddabī	تُؤَدَّبْ tuʔaddab			تُؤَدَّبَا tuʔaddabā			تُؤَدَّبْنَ tuʔaddabna	يُؤَدَّبْنَ yuʔaddabna

Etymology

Verb

أدب (form I)

1. أَدِبُّ (ʔadibbu) /ʔa.dib.bu/: first-person singular non-past active indicative of دَبَّ (dabba)
2. أَدِبَّ (ʔadibba) /ʔa.dib.ba/: first-person singular non-past active subjunctive/jussive of دَبَّ (dabba)
3. أَدِبِّ (ʔadibbi) /ʔa.dib.bi/: first-person singular non-past active jussive of دَبَّ (dabba)