خشخاش

Arabic

خَشْخَاش

Etymology

From Persian خشخاش (xašxâš).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /xaʃ.xaːʃ/

Noun

خَشْخَاش • (ḵašḵāš) m (collective, singulative خَشْخَاشَة f (ḵašḵāša), plural خَشَاخِيش (ḵašāḵīš))

1. poppy (Papaver gen. et spp.)

Declension

Declension of noun خَشْخَاش (ḵašḵāš)

Collective	basic collective triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَشْخَاش ḵašḵāš	الْخَشْخَاش al-ḵašḵāš	خَشْخَاش ḵašḵāš
Nominative	خَشْخَاشٌ ḵašḵāšun	الْخَشْخَاشُ al-ḵašḵāšu	خَشْخَاشُ ḵašḵāšu
Accusative	خَشْخَاشًا ḵašḵāšan	الْخَشْخَاشَ al-ḵašḵāša	خَشْخَاشَ ḵašḵāša
Genitive	خَشْخَاشٍ ḵašḵāšin	الْخَشْخَاشِ al-ḵašḵāši	خَشْخَاشِ ḵašḵāši
Singulative	singulative triptote in ـَة (-a)
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَشْخَاشَة ḵašḵāša	الْخَشْخَاشَة al-ḵašḵāša	خَشْخَاشَة ḵašḵāšat
Nominative	خَشْخَاشَةٌ ḵašḵāšatun	الْخَشْخَاشَةُ al-ḵašḵāšatu	خَشْخَاشَةُ ḵašḵāšatu
Accusative	خَشْخَاشَةً ḵašḵāšatan	الْخَشْخَاشَةَ al-ḵašḵāšata	خَشْخَاشَةَ ḵašḵāšata
Genitive	خَشْخَاشَةٍ ḵašḵāšatin	الْخَشْخَاشَةِ al-ḵašḵāšati	خَشْخَاشَةِ ḵašḵāšati
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَشْخَاشَتَيْن ḵašḵāšatayn	الْخَشْخَاشَتَيْن al-ḵašḵāšatayn	خَشْخَاشَتَيْ ḵašḵāšatay
Nominative	خَشْخَاشَتَانِ ḵašḵāšatāni	الْخَشْخَاشَتَانِ al-ḵašḵāšatāni	خَشْخَاشَتَا ḵašḵāšatā
Accusative	خَشْخَاشَتَيْنِ ḵašḵāšatayni	الْخَشْخَاشَتَيْنِ al-ḵašḵāšatayni	خَشْخَاشَتَيْ ḵašḵāšatay
Genitive	خَشْخَاشَتَيْنِ ḵašḵāšatayni	الْخَشْخَاشَتَيْنِ al-ḵašḵāšatayni	خَشْخَاشَتَيْ ḵašḵāšatay
Paucal (3-10)	sound feminine paucal
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَشْخَاشَات ḵašḵāšāt	الْخَشْخَاشَات al-ḵašḵāšāt	خَشْخَاشَات ḵašḵāšāt
Nominative	خَشْخَاشَاتٌ ḵašḵāšātun	الْخَشْخَاشَاتُ al-ḵašḵāšātu	خَشْخَاشَاتُ ḵašḵāšātu
Accusative	خَشْخَاشَاتٍ ḵašḵāšātin	الْخَشْخَاشَاتِ al-ḵašḵāšāti	خَشْخَاشَاتِ ḵašḵāšāti
Genitive	خَشْخَاشَاتٍ ḵašḵāšātin	الْخَشْخَاشَاتِ al-ḵašḵāšāti	خَشْخَاشَاتِ ḵašḵāšāti
Plural of variety	basic broken plural diptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَشَاخِيش ḵašāḵīš	الْخَشَاخِيش al-ḵašāḵīš	خَشَاخِيش ḵašāḵīš
Nominative	خَشَاخِيشُ ḵašāḵīšu	الْخَشَاخِيشُ al-ḵašāḵīšu	خَشَاخِيشُ ḵašāḵīšu
Accusative	خَشَاخِيشَ ḵašāḵīša	الْخَشَاخِيشَ al-ḵašāḵīša	خَشَاخِيشَ ḵašāḵīša
Genitive	خَشَاخِيشَ ḵašāḵīša	الْخَشَاخِيشِ al-ḵašāḵīši	خَشَاخِيشِ ḵašāḵīši

Descendants

• Maltese: xaħxieħ, ħuxħax, ħoxħax
• →⇒ Aragonese: cascall
• →⇒ Catalan: cascall
  • → Spanish: cascal (Murcia)

References

• Corriente, Federico (2008) “cascal”, in Dictionary of Arabic and Allied Loanwords. Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Galician and Kindred Dialects (Handbook of Oriental Studies; 97), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 251a
• Freytag, Georg (1830) “خشخاش”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎^[1] (in Latin), volume 1, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 488
• Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “خشخاش”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎^[2] (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 336

Persian

خشخاش

Etymology

Related to Central Kurdish قاشقاشە (qaşqaşe), Pashto قشقاق (qašqâš), قاشقاش (qâšqâš), and further likely to Middle Armenian կակաչ (kakačʻ), Georgian ყაყაჩო (q̇aq̇ačo), Karachay-Balkar къачхач (qaçxaç), Kumyk шакъшакъ (şaqşaq), Abaza къвашвхӏа (qʷʼašʷḥa), Kabardian ӏущхьэ (ʼwuśḥɛ), Japanese 芥子 (けし, keshi), all denoting "(opium) poppy".

According to Pictet, ultimately from Sanskrit खस्खस (khaskhasa, “poppy”), a reduplication of खस (khasa, “itch, scab”), because poppy was supposedly used against it. Note also the Sanskrit compound खसतिल (khasa-tila, “poppy”).

Noun

خشخاش • (xašxâš)

1. opium poppy

Descendants

• → Arabic: خَشْخَاش (ḵašḵāš)
  • Maltese: xaħxieħ, ħuxħax, ħoxħax
  • →⇒ Aragonese: cascall
  • →⇒ Catalan: cascall
    • → Spanish: cascal (Murcia)
• → Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܚܫܚܫ (ḥašḥāš)
• → Azerbaijani: xaşxaş
• → Georgian: ხაშხაში (xašxaši), ღაჟღაჟი (ɣažɣaži), ღაშღაში (ɣašɣaši)
• → Kumyk: хашхаш (xaşxaş)
• → Malayalam: കശകശ (kaśakaśa)
• → Middle Armenian: խաշխաշ (xašxaš)
  • Armenian: խաշխաշ (xašxaš)
• → Northern Kurdish: xaşxaş
• → Ottoman Turkish: خشخاش (haşhaş)
  • Turkish: haşhaş
• → Pashto: خاشخاش (xâšxâš)

Further reading

• Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “խաշխաշ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, page 333
• Pictet, Adolphe (1859) Les origines indo-européennes, ou Les Aryas primitifs: essai de paléontologie linguistique, volume I, Paris: J. Cherbuliez, pages 295–296
• Šaniʒe, Aḳaḳi (1980) Kartuli enis gramaṭiḳis sapuʒvlebi [Basics of Georgian Grammar] (Txzulebani tormeṭ ṭomad; 3) (in Georgian), Tbilisi: Tbilisi State University Press, § 182, page 150
• Xabičev, M. A. (1980) Vzaimovlijanije jazykov narodov Zapadnovo Kavkaza [The language interaction of Western Caucasus peoples] (in Russian), Cherkessk: Karačajevo-Čerkesskoje otdelenije Stavropolʹskovo knižnovo izdatelʹstva, page 29