कुठार

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• কুঠাৰ (Assamese script)
• ᬓᬸᬞᬵᬭ (Balinese script)
• কুঠার (Bengali script)
• 𑰎𑰲𑰙𑰯𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀓𑀼𑀞𑀸𑀭 (Brahmi script)
• ကုဌာရ (Burmese script)
• કુઠાર (Gujarati script)
• ਕੁਠਾਰ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌕𑍁𑌠𑌾𑌰 (Grantha script)
• ꦏꦸꦜꦴꦫ (Javanese script)
• 𑂍𑂳𑂘𑂰𑂩 (Kaithi script)
• ಕುಠಾರ (Kannada script)
• កុឋារ (Khmer script)
• ກຸຐາຣ (Lao script)
• കുഠാര (Malayalam script)
• ᡬᡠᡱᠠ᠎᠊ᠠᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘎𑘳𑘙𑘰𑘨 (Modi script)
• ᢉᠤᢍᠠᢗᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦮𑧔𑦹𑧑𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐎𑐸𑐛𑐵𑐬 (Newa script)
• କୁଠାର (Odia script)
• ꢒꢸꢝꢵꢬ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆑𑆶𑆜𑆳𑆫 (Sharada script)
• 𑖎𑖲𑖙𑖯𑖨 (Siddham script)
• කුඨාර (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩜𑩒𑩧𑩛𑩼 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚊𑚰𑚕𑚭𑚤 (Takri script)
• குட²ார (Tamil script)
• కుఠార (Telugu script)
• กุฐาร (Thai script)
• ཀུ་ཋཱ་ར (Tibetan script)
• 𑒏𑒳𑒚𑒰𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨋𑨃𑨕𑨊𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Unknown.

Turner and some earlier sources argue for a borrowing from Dravidian (compare modern Tamil குடாரி (kuṭāri, “axe”)). However, Burrow convincingly showed that the Dravidian terms cannot be original (due to unusual vowel length in the Tamil and Malayalam terms) and are likely borrowed or derived from Sanskrit.

Proponents of Fortunatov's law have supported inheritance from Proto-Indo-European *kl̥tḗr, with Latin culter (“butcher's knife”) as a cognate. Burrow compares Sanskrit कुलिश (kuliśa, “axe”) as evidence for a root *kul-. However, the formation of the Indo-European source is unusual and the aspiration in the Sanskrit word is still unexplained.

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /ku.ʈʰɑː.ɾɐ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /kuˈʈʰɑː.ɾɐ/

Noun

कुठार • (kuṭhāra) stem, m

1. axe
2. hoe, spade

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of कुठार (kuṭhāra)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	कुठारः kuṭhāraḥ	कुठारौ kuṭhārau	कुठाराः kuṭhārāḥ
Vocative	कुठार kuṭhāra	कुठारौ kuṭhārau	कुठाराः kuṭhārāḥ
Accusative	कुठारम् kuṭhāram	कुठारौ kuṭhārau	कुठारान् kuṭhārān
Instrumental	कुठारेण kuṭhāreṇa	कुठाराभ्याम् kuṭhārābhyām	कुठारैः kuṭhāraiḥ
Dative	कुठाराय kuṭhārāya	कुठाराभ्याम् kuṭhārābhyām	कुठारेभ्यः kuṭhārebhyaḥ
Ablative	कुठारात् kuṭhārāt	कुठाराभ्याम् kuṭhārābhyām	कुठारेभ्यः kuṭhārebhyaḥ
Genitive	कुठारस्य kuṭhārasya	कुठारयोः kuṭhārayoḥ	कुठाराणाम् kuṭhārāṇām
Locative	कुठारे kuṭhāre	कुठारयोः kuṭhārayoḥ	कुठारेषु kuṭhāreṣu

Descendants

• Pali: kuṭhārī
• Prakrit: 𑀓𑀼𑀠𑀸𑀭 (kuḍhāra), 𑀓𑀼𑀳𑀸𑀟 (kuhāḍa)
  • Bengali: কুড়াল (kuṛal), কুড়ালি (kuṛali), কুড়ুল (kuṛul)
  • Gujarati: કુહાડો (kuhāḍo), કુહાડી (kuhāḍī)
  • Hindustani:
    • Hindi: कुल्हाड़ा (kulhāṛā), कुल्हाड़ी (kulhāṛī)
    • Urdu: کُلْہَاڑَا (kulhāṛā), کُلْہَاڑِی (kulhāṛī)
  • Punjabi: ਕੁਹਾੜਾ (kuhāṛā, “axe”), ਕਹੀ (kahī, “hoe, spade”), ਕੁਲ੍ਹਾੜਾ (kulhāṛā)
  • Old Marathi: 𑘎𑘳𑘨𑘿‍𑘮𑘰𑘚 (kur‍hāḍa), 𑘎𑘳𑘨𑘿‍𑘮𑘰𑘚𑘲 (kur‍hāḍī)
    • Marathi: कुऱ्हाड (kurhāḍ), कुर्‍हाडी (kur‍hāḍī)
  • Odia: କୁଡ଼ାଲ (kuṛāla​), କୁରାଢ଼ (kurāṛha​), କୁରାଢ଼ି (kurāṛhi), କୁର୍ହାଡ଼ି (kurhāṛi), କୁଡ଼ାରି (kuṛāri)
  • Sindhi: ڪُهاڙو, ڪُهاڙيِ

Borrowed terms

• Assamese: কুঠাৰ (kuthar)

• Tamil: குடாரி (kuṭāri)

Further reading

• Monier Williams (1899) “कुठार”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 289.
• Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 254
• Burrow, T., Emeneau, M. B. (1984) “kuṭāri”, in A Dravidian etymological dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, →ISBN.