गृध्र
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Hindi
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गृध्र (gṛ́dhra). Doublet of गिद्ध (giddh), a tadbhava.
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]गृध्र • (gŕdhra) (indeclinable)
Noun
[edit]गृध्र • (gŕdhra) m
Declension
[edit]Declension of गृध्र (masc cons-stem)
References
[edit]- Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975) “गृध्र”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. Sea of Hindi words] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha
- McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “गृध्र”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
- Platts, John T. (1884) “गृध्र”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
Sanskrit
[edit]Alternative scripts
[edit]Alternative scripts
- গৃধ্ৰ (Assamese script)
- ᬕᬺᬥ᭄ᬭ (Balinese script)
- গৃধ্র (Bengali script)
- 𑰐𑰴𑰠𑰿𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀕𑀾𑀥𑁆𑀭 (Brahmi script)
- ဂၖဓြ (Burmese script)
- ગૃધ્ર (Gujarati script)
- ਗ੍ਰਧ੍ਰ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌗𑍃𑌧𑍍𑌰 (Grantha script)
- ꦒꦽꦣꦿ (Javanese script)
- 𑂏𑃂𑂡𑂹𑂩 (Kaithi script)
- ಗೃಧ್ರ (Kannada script)
- គ្ឫធ្រ (Khmer script)
- ຄ຺ຣິຘ຺ຣ (Lao script)
- ഗൃധ്ര (Malayalam script)
- ᡤᡵᡳᢡᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘐𑘵𑘠𑘿𑘨 (Modi script)
- ᠺᠷᠢᢑᠾᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦰𑧖𑧀𑧠𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐐𑐺𑐢𑑂𑐬 (Newa script)
- ଗୃଧ୍ର (Odia script)
- ꢔꢺꢤ꣄ꢬ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆓𑆸𑆣𑇀𑆫 (Sharada script)
- 𑖐𑖴𑖠𑖿𑖨 (Siddham script)
- ගෘධ්ර (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩞𑩙𑩮 𑪙𑩼 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚌𑚜𑚶𑚤 (Takri script)
- க்³ரித்⁴ர (Tamil script)
- గృధ్ర (Telugu script)
- คฺฤธฺร (Thai script)
- གྲྀ་དྷྲ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒑𑒵𑒡𑓂𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨍𑨼𑨉𑨜𑩇𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)
Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Indo-Iranian *gr̥dʰrás, from Proto-Indo-European *g⁽ʷ⁾l̥dʰ-ró-s, from *g⁽ʷ⁾eldʰ- (“to desire greedily”).
Cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀 (gərəδa, “greedy”), Proto-Slavic *gȏldъ (“hunger”).
Adjective
[edit]गृध्र • (gṛ́dhra) stem
Declension
[edit]Masculine a-stem declension of गृध्र (gṛ́dhra) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | गृध्रः gṛ́dhraḥ |
गृध्रौ / गृध्रा¹ gṛ́dhrau / gṛ́dhrā¹ |
गृध्राः / गृध्रासः¹ gṛ́dhrāḥ / gṛ́dhrāsaḥ¹ |
Vocative | गृध्र gṛ́dhra |
गृध्रौ / गृध्रा¹ gṛ́dhrau / gṛ́dhrā¹ |
गृध्राः / गृध्रासः¹ gṛ́dhrāḥ / gṛ́dhrāsaḥ¹ |
Accusative | गृध्रम् gṛ́dhram |
गृध्रौ / गृध्रा¹ gṛ́dhrau / gṛ́dhrā¹ |
गृध्रान् gṛ́dhrān |
Instrumental | गृध्रेण gṛ́dhreṇa |
गृध्राभ्याम् gṛ́dhrābhyām |
गृध्रैः / गृध्रेभिः¹ gṛ́dhraiḥ / gṛ́dhrebhiḥ¹ |
Dative | गृध्राय gṛ́dhrāya |
गृध्राभ्याम् gṛ́dhrābhyām |
गृध्रेभ्यः gṛ́dhrebhyaḥ |
Ablative | गृध्रात् gṛ́dhrāt |
गृध्राभ्याम् gṛ́dhrābhyām |
गृध्रेभ्यः gṛ́dhrebhyaḥ |
Genitive | गृध्रस्य gṛ́dhrasya |
गृध्रयोः gṛ́dhrayoḥ |
गृध्राणाम् gṛ́dhrāṇām |
Locative | गृध्रे gṛ́dhre |
गृध्रयोः gṛ́dhrayoḥ |
गृध्रेषु gṛ́dhreṣu |
Notes |
|
Feminine ā-stem declension of गृध्रा (gṛ́dhrā) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | गृध्रा gṛ́dhrā |
गृध्रे gṛ́dhre |
गृध्राः gṛ́dhrāḥ |
Vocative | गृध्रे gṛ́dhre |
गृध्रे gṛ́dhre |
गृध्राः gṛ́dhrāḥ |
Accusative | गृध्राम् gṛ́dhrām |
गृध्रे gṛ́dhre |
गृध्राः gṛ́dhrāḥ |
Instrumental | गृध्रया / गृध्रा¹ gṛ́dhrayā / gṛ́dhrā¹ |
गृध्राभ्याम् gṛ́dhrābhyām |
गृध्राभिः gṛ́dhrābhiḥ |
Dative | गृध्रायै gṛ́dhrāyai |
गृध्राभ्याम् gṛ́dhrābhyām |
गृध्राभ्यः gṛ́dhrābhyaḥ |
Ablative | गृध्रायाः / गृध्रायै² gṛ́dhrāyāḥ / gṛ́dhrāyai² |
गृध्राभ्याम् gṛ́dhrābhyām |
गृध्राभ्यः gṛ́dhrābhyaḥ |
Genitive | गृध्रायाः / गृध्रायै² gṛ́dhrāyāḥ / gṛ́dhrāyai² |
गृध्रयोः gṛ́dhrayoḥ |
गृध्राणाम् gṛ́dhrāṇām |
Locative | गृध्रायाम् gṛ́dhrāyām |
गृध्रयोः gṛ́dhrayoḥ |
गृध्रासु gṛ́dhrāsu |
Notes |
|
Neuter a-stem declension of गृध्र (gṛ́dhra) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | गृध्रम् gṛ́dhram |
गृध्रे gṛ́dhre |
गृध्राणि / गृध्रा¹ gṛ́dhrāṇi / gṛ́dhrā¹ |
Vocative | गृध्र gṛ́dhra |
गृध्रे gṛ́dhre |
गृध्राणि / गृध्रा¹ gṛ́dhrāṇi / gṛ́dhrā¹ |
Accusative | गृध्रम् gṛ́dhram |
गृध्रे gṛ́dhre |
गृध्राणि / गृध्रा¹ gṛ́dhrāṇi / gṛ́dhrā¹ |
Instrumental | गृध्रेण gṛ́dhreṇa |
गृध्राभ्याम् gṛ́dhrābhyām |
गृध्रैः / गृध्रेभिः¹ gṛ́dhraiḥ / gṛ́dhrebhiḥ¹ |
Dative | गृध्राय gṛ́dhrāya |
गृध्राभ्याम् gṛ́dhrābhyām |
गृध्रेभ्यः gṛ́dhrebhyaḥ |
Ablative | गृध्रात् gṛ́dhrāt |
गृध्राभ्याम् gṛ́dhrābhyām |
गृध्रेभ्यः gṛ́dhrebhyaḥ |
Genitive | गृध्रस्य gṛ́dhrasya |
गृध्रयोः gṛ́dhrayoḥ |
गृध्राणाम् gṛ́dhrāṇām |
Locative | गृध्रे gṛ́dhre |
गृध्रयोः gṛ́dhrayoḥ |
गृध्रेषु gṛ́dhreṣu |
Notes |
|
Descendants
[edit]- Pali: giddha
Etymology 2
[edit]Nominal derivative of the adjective गृध्र (gṛdhra, “greedy”) above. Literally meaning "the greedy one".
Noun
[edit]गृध्र • (gṛ́dhra) stem, m
- a vulture
- c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 7.104.22:
- उलू॑कयातुं शुशु॒लूक॑यातुं ज॒हि श्वया॑तुमु॒त कोक॑यातुम्।
सु॒प॒र्णया॑तुमु॒त गृध्र॑यातुं दृ॒षदे॑व॒ प्र मृ॑ण॒ रक्ष॑ इन्द्र॥- úlūkayātuṃ śuśulū́kayātuṃ jahí śváyātumutá kókayātum.
suparṇáyātumutá gṛ́dhrayātuṃ dṛṣádeva prá mṛṇa rákṣa indra. - Destroy the demon disguised as an owl or owlet, destroy him disguised as dog or cuckoo.
Destroy him shaped as an eagle or as a vulture as with a stone, O Indra, crush the demon.
- úlūkayātuṃ śuśulū́kayātuṃ jahí śváyātumutá kókayātum.
- उलू॑कयातुं शुशु॒लूक॑यातुं ज॒हि श्वया॑तुमु॒त कोक॑यातुम्।
Declension
[edit]Masculine a-stem declension of गृध्र (gṛ́dhra) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | गृध्रः gṛ́dhraḥ |
गृध्रौ / गृध्रा¹ gṛ́dhrau / gṛ́dhrā¹ |
गृध्राः / गृध्रासः¹ gṛ́dhrāḥ / gṛ́dhrāsaḥ¹ |
Vocative | गृध्र gṛ́dhra |
गृध्रौ / गृध्रा¹ gṛ́dhrau / gṛ́dhrā¹ |
गृध्राः / गृध्रासः¹ gṛ́dhrāḥ / gṛ́dhrāsaḥ¹ |
Accusative | गृध्रम् gṛ́dhram |
गृध्रौ / गृध्रा¹ gṛ́dhrau / gṛ́dhrā¹ |
गृध्रान् gṛ́dhrān |
Instrumental | गृध्रेण gṛ́dhreṇa |
गृध्राभ्याम् gṛ́dhrābhyām |
गृध्रैः / गृध्रेभिः¹ gṛ́dhraiḥ / gṛ́dhrebhiḥ¹ |
Dative | गृध्राय gṛ́dhrāya |
गृध्राभ्याम् gṛ́dhrābhyām |
गृध्रेभ्यः gṛ́dhrebhyaḥ |
Ablative | गृध्रात् gṛ́dhrāt |
गृध्राभ्याम् gṛ́dhrābhyām |
गृध्रेभ्यः gṛ́dhrebhyaḥ |
Genitive | गृध्रस्य gṛ́dhrasya |
गृध्रयोः gṛ́dhrayoḥ |
गृध्राणाम् gṛ́dhrāṇām |
Locative | गृध्रे gṛ́dhre |
गृध्रयोः gṛ́dhrayoḥ |
गृध्रेषु gṛ́dhreṣu |
Notes |
|
Descendants
[edit]- Kashmiri: ग्रद् (grad, “vulture, eagle”)
- Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀕𑀺𑀤𑁆𑀥 (giddha)
- Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀕𑀺𑀤𑁆𑀥 (giddha)
- Paisaci Prakrit:
- Pali: gaddha
- Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀕𑀺𑀤𑁆𑀥 (giddha)
- → Kannada: ಗೃಧ್ರ (gṛdhra)
- → Tamil: கிருத்திரம் (kiruttiram)
- → Hindi: गृध्र (gŕdhra) (learned)
References
[edit]- ^ Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003) The Dravidian Languages (Cambridge Language Surveys), Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 474.
Further reading
[edit]- Monier Williams (1899) “गृध्र”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 361.
- Apte, Vaman Shivram (1890) “गृध्र”, in The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary, Poona: Prasad Prakashan
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “gṛ́dhra”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “GARDH”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 474
Categories:
- Hindi terms derived from Proto-Indo-Iranian
- Hindi terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Hindi terms borrowed from Sanskrit
- Hindi learned borrowings from Sanskrit
- Hindi terms derived from Sanskrit
- Hindi doublets
- Hindi terms with IPA pronunciation
- Hindi lemmas
- Hindi adjectives
- Hindi indeclinable adjectives
- Hindi terms with rare senses
- Hindi formal terms
- Hindi nouns
- Hindi masculine nouns
- Hindi masculine consonant-stem nouns
- hi:Birds
- Sanskrit terms with IPA pronunciation
- Sanskrit terms belonging to the root गृध्
- Sanskrit terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Sanskrit terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *g⁽ʷ⁾eldʰ-
- Sanskrit terms inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian
- Sanskrit terms derived from Proto-Indo-Iranian
- Sanskrit terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Sanskrit lemmas
- Sanskrit adjectives
- Sanskrit adjectives in Devanagari script
- Sanskrit nouns
- Sanskrit nouns in Devanagari script
- Sanskrit masculine nouns
- Sanskrit terms with quotations
- Sanskrit a-stem nouns
- sa:Birds