परम

See also: प्रेम and प्रेमी

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit परम (parama). Cognate Bengali পরম (porom)

Adjective

परम • (param) (indeclinable)

1. absolute, ultimate
2. best, unmatched

Derived terms

• परमपिता (parampitā)
• परमाणु (parmāṇu)
• परमाणु बम (parmāṇu bam)
• परमावश्यक (parmāvaśyak)

References

• Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975), “परम”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. “Sea of Hindi words”] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha, page 2830
• Caturvedi, Mahendra; Bhola Nath Tiwari (1970), “परम”, in A practical Hindi-English dictionary, Delhi: National Publishing House, page 399
• McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993), “परम”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press, page 604
• Bahri, Hardev (1989), “परम”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons, page 375.

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• parama (Latin script)
• 𑀧𑀭𑀫 (Brahmi script)
• পরম (Bengali script)
• පරම (Sinhalese script)
• ပရမ (Burmese script)
• ปรม or ปะระมะ (Thai script)
• ᨷᩁᨾ (Tai Tham script)
• ປຣມ or ປະຣະມະ (Lao script)
• បរម (Khmer script)
• 𑄛𑄢𑄟 (Chakma script)

Adjective

परम

1. Devanagari script form of parama

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• পৰম (Assamese script)
• ᬧᬭᬫ (Balinese script)
• পরম (Bengali script)
• 𑰢𑰨𑰦 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀧𑀭𑀫 (Brahmi script)
• ပရမ (Burmese script)
• પરમ (Gujarati script)
• ਪਰਮ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌪𑌰𑌮 (Grantha script)
• ꦥꦫꦩ (Javanese script)
• 𑂣𑂩𑂧 (Kaithi script)
• ಪರಮ (Kannada script)
• បរម (Khmer script)
• ປຣມ (Lao script)
• പരമ (Malayalam script)
• ᢒᠠᡵᠠᠮᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘢𑘨𑘦 (Modi script)
• ᢒᠠᠷᠠᠮᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧂𑧈𑧆 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐥𑐬𑐩 (Newa script)
• ପରମ (Odia script)
• ꢦꢬꢪ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆥𑆫𑆩 (Sharada script)
• 𑖢𑖨𑖦 (Siddham script)
• පරම (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩰𑩼𑩴 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚞𑚤𑚢 (Takri script)
• பரம (Tamil script)
• పరమ (Telugu script)
• ปรม (Thai script)
• པ་ར་མ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒣𑒩𑒧 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨞𑨫𑨢 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Superlative of पर (pára).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /pɐ.ɾɐ.mɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /pɐ.ɾɐ.mɐ/

Adjective

प॒र॒म • (paramá) stem

1. most distant, last
2. highest, most excellent
3. chief, primary
4. (with ablative) superior or inferior to

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of प॒र॒म

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	प॒र॒मः (paramáḥ)	प॒र॒मौ (paramáu) प॒र॒मा¹ (paramā́¹)	प॒र॒माः (paramā́ḥ) प॒र॒मासः॑¹ (paramā́saḥ¹)
accusative	प॒र॒मम् (paramám)	प॒र॒मौ (paramáu) प॒र॒मा¹ (paramā́¹)	प॒र॒मान् (paramā́n)
instrumental	प॒र॒मेण॑ (paraméṇa)	प॒र॒माभ्या॑म् (paramā́bhyām)	प॒र॒मैः (paramáiḥ) प॒र॒मेभिः॑¹ (paramébhiḥ¹)
dative	प॒र॒माय॑ (paramā́ya)	प॒र॒माभ्या॑म् (paramā́bhyām)	प॒र॒मेभ्यः॑ (paramébhyaḥ)
ablative	प॒र॒मात् (paramā́t)	प॒र॒माभ्या॑म् (paramā́bhyām)	प॒र॒मेभ्यः॑ (paramébhyaḥ)
genitive	प॒र॒मस्य॑ (paramásya)	प॒र॒मयोः॑ (paramáyoḥ)	प॒र॒माणा॑म् (paramā́ṇām)
locative	प॒र॒मे (paramé)	प॒र॒मयोः॑ (paramáyoḥ)	प॒र॒मेषु॑ (paraméṣu)
vocative	पर॑म (párama)	पर॑मौ (páramau) पर॑मा¹ (páramā¹)	पर॑माः (páramāḥ) पर॑मासः¹ (páramāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of प॒र॒मा

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	प॒र॒मा (paramā́)	प॒र॒मे (paramé)	प॒र॒माः (paramā́ḥ)
accusative	प॒र॒माम् (paramā́m)	प॒र॒मे (paramé)	प॒र॒माः (paramā́ḥ)
instrumental	प॒र॒मया॑ (paramáyā) प॒र॒मा¹ (paramā́¹)	प॒र॒माभ्या॑म् (paramā́bhyām)	प॒र॒माभिः॑ (paramā́bhiḥ)
dative	प॒र॒मायै॑ (paramā́yai)	प॒र॒माभ्या॑म् (paramā́bhyām)	प॒र॒माभ्यः॑ (paramā́bhyaḥ)
ablative	प॒र॒मायाः॑ (paramā́yāḥ) प॒र॒मायै॑² (paramā́yai²)	प॒र॒माभ्या॑म् (paramā́bhyām)	प॒र॒माभ्यः॑ (paramā́bhyaḥ)
genitive	प॒र॒मायाः॑ (paramā́yāḥ) प॒र॒मायै॑² (paramā́yai²)	प॒र॒मयोः॑ (paramáyoḥ)	प॒र॒माणा॑म् (paramā́ṇām)
locative	प॒र॒माया॑म् (paramā́yām)	प॒र॒मयोः॑ (paramáyoḥ)	प॒र॒मासु॑ (paramā́su)
vocative	पर॑मे (párame)	पर॑मे (párame)	पर॑माः (páramāḥ)

• ¹Vedic
• ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of प॒र॒म

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	प॒र॒मम् (paramám)	प॒र॒मे (paramé)	प॒र॒माणि॑ (paramā́ṇi) प॒र॒मा¹ (paramā́¹)
accusative	प॒र॒मम् (paramám)	प॒र॒मे (paramé)	प॒र॒माणि॑ (paramā́ṇi) प॒र॒मा¹ (paramā́¹)
instrumental	प॒र॒मेण॑ (paraméṇa)	प॒र॒माभ्या॑म् (paramā́bhyām)	प॒र॒मैः (paramáiḥ) प॒र॒मेभिः॑¹ (paramébhiḥ¹)
dative	प॒र॒माय॑ (paramā́ya)	प॒र॒माभ्या॑म् (paramā́bhyām)	प॒र॒मेभ्यः॑ (paramébhyaḥ)
ablative	प॒र॒मात् (paramā́t)	प॒र॒माभ्या॑म् (paramā́bhyām)	प॒र॒मेभ्यः॑ (paramébhyaḥ)
genitive	प॒र॒मस्य॑ (paramásya)	प॒र॒मयोः॑ (paramáyoḥ)	प॒र॒माणा॑म् (paramā́ṇām)
locative	प॒र॒मे (paramé)	प॒र॒मयोः॑ (paramáyoḥ)	प॒र॒मेषु॑ (paraméṣu)
vocative	पर॑म (párama)	पर॑मे (párame)	पर॑माणि (páramāṇi) पर॑मा¹ (páramā¹)

• ¹Vedic

Noun

परम • (parama) stem, n

1. highest point, extreme limit

References

• Monier Williams (1899), “परम”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 588, column 1.
• Apte, Vaman Shivram (1890), “परम”, in The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary, Poona: Prasad Prakashan