ᛊᚹᛖᛊᛏᚨᚱ

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Proto-Norse

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Etymology

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From Proto-Germanic *swestēr, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr.

The form is often seen as problematic, since the expected nominative form would be *ᛊᚹᛖᛊᛏᛖᚱ (*swester), and this is the form required as the ancestor to Old Norse systir. Stiles 1984 proposes that *ᛊᚹᛖᛊᛏᚨᚱ (*swestar) is an inherited vocative form, descended from Proto-Germanic *swester[1] with a regular development of unstressed short */e/ > /a/ before /r/, as seen for instance in Old Norse hvaðarr, from Proto-Germanic *hwaþeraz.[2]

Noun

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ᛊᚹᛖᛊᛏᚨᚱ (swestar) f (vocative singular)

  1. sister
    • c. 200–450 AD, inscription on the Opedal Runestone[3]
      ᛒᛁᚱᚷᛜᚷᚢᛒᛟᚱᛟᛊᚹᛖᛊᛏᚨᚱᛗᛁᚾᚢ ¶ ᛚᛖᚢᛒᚢᛗᛖᛉ ᛬ ᚹᚨᚷᛖ
      birgŋguboroswestarminu ¶ leubumeʀ : wage
      /birg, Ingubōrō, swestar mīnu leubu, mēʀ, Wāgē!/
      O Ingubōrō, my beloved sister, preserve me, Wāgaz!

Descendants

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  • Old Norse: systir
    • Icelandic: systir
    • Faroese: systir
    • Norwegian Bokmål: søster
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: syster
    • Old Swedish: systir
    • Danish: søster
    • Old Gutnish: systir

References

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  1. ^ Stiles, Patrick V. (1984), On the Interpretation of Older Runic Swestar on the Opedal Stone (URL)
  2. ^ Heusler, Andreas (1921), Altisländisches Elementarbuch. 2. Auflage. Heidelberg: §113 (URL)
  3. ^ Inscription/entry N KJ76 in the RuneS-Database of the research project "Runic Writing in the Germanic Languages (RuneS)" of Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 2024.
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