𐰓𐰃

Old Turkic

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ti. Cognate with Chuvash -рӗ (-rĕ), Turkish -di, Uzbek -di, Kazakh -ді (-dı).

Suffix

𐰓𐰃 (-di)

1. Forms past tense of verbs

   ‎-𐰆𐰲 (uč-, “1. to fly 2. to die”) + ‎𐰓𐰃 (d²i) → ‎𐰆𐰲𐰑𐰃 (učdï, “he/she/it flew/died”)

Usage notes

1. The consonant mutates from 𐰓 (d) to 𐱅 (t) after being appended to a verb that ends with the consonants l, r and n.

   ‎-𐰉𐰆𐰞 (bol-, “to be”) + ‎𐰓𐰃 (d²i) → ‎𐰉𐰆𐰡𐰃 (boltï, “it happened”)

2. Unlike most tenses, this tense can take personal suffixes.

   ‎-𐰆𐰞𐰺 (olur-, “to sit”) + ‎𐰓𐰃 (d²i) → ‎𐰆𐰞𐰺𐱃𐰢 (olurtum, “I sat”)

3. Can be appended to 𐰼 (er-) in order to be used with other verbs or nouns to indicate the state the subject used to be.

   ‎𐰋 (eb, “house”) + ‎𐰼𐱅𐰃 (r²t²i) → ‎𐰋:𐰼𐱅𐰃 (eb:erti, “it used to be a house.”)

   ‎𐰉𐰺𐰃𐰺 (barïr, “he/she/it goes”) + ‎𐰼𐱅𐰃 (r²t²i) → ‎𐰉𐰺𐰃𐰺:𐰼𐱅𐰃 (barïr:erti, “he/she/it used to go”)

Alternative forms

• 𐰑𐰃 (-dï)
• 𐱅𐰃 (-ti)
• 𐱃𐰃 (-tï)
• 𐰡𐰃 (-lti, -ltï)
• 𐰦𐰃 (-nti, -ntï)

Derived terms

• 𐰼𐱅𐰃 (erti)

Related terms

• 𐰼 (-r, “aorist tense”)
• 𐰢𐱁 (-miš, “heard past tense”)
• 𐰓𐰀𐰲𐰃 (-deči, “future tense”)
• 𐰾𐰚 (-sik, “necessitive-future tense”)
• 𐰏𐰘 (-gey, “optative-future tense”)
• 𐰢𐰔 (-mez, “negative aorist tense”)
• 𐰢𐰲𐰃 (-meči, “negative future tense”)

References

• Tekin, Talât (1968) A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic (Uralic and Altaic Series; 69), Bloomington: Indiana University, →ISBN, page 188