Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-ti

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative forms

• *-tï
• *-di
• *-dï

Suffix

*-ti

1. Evidential past tense suffix

   ‎*seb- (“to love”) + ‎*-ti → ‎*sebdi (“(I saw/I'm sure) she/he/it loved.”)

Usage notes

1. Non verbs cannot directly take past tenses. The verb Proto-Turkic *er- (“to be (aux.)”) takes the past tense suffix and with it the meaning of the past tense is provided. For example;

   ‎*eb er- (“house + to be”) + ‎*-ti → ‎*eb erti (“(I saw/I'm sure) it was a house.”)

2. Contrary to modern usages, as in Old Turkic and Bulgar language, the consonants l, r and n are followed by the strong consonant form; remaining sounds are followed by the soft consonant form. For example;

   ‎*uč- (“to fly”) + ‎*-ti → ‎*učdï (“She/he/it flew.”)

   ‎*yüri- (“to walk”) + ‎*-ti → ‎*yüridi (“She/he/it walked.”)

   ‎*öl- (“to die”) + ‎*-ti → ‎*ölti (“She/he/it died.”)

3. It's also only effected by roundness harmony if used for first and second person singular and plural suffixes.

   ‎*uč- (“to fly”) + ‎*-ti → ‎*učdum (“I flew.”)

   ‎*uč- (“to fly”) + ‎*-ti → ‎*učduŋ (“You flew.”)

   ‎*uč- (“to fly”) + ‎*-ti → ‎*učdumuŕ (“We flew.”)

   ‎*uč- (“to fly”) + ‎*-ti → ‎*učduŋuŕ (“You flew.”)

See the Wikibooks page about past tenses in Proto-Turkic to learn more about it.

Related terms

• *-miĺ (past tense heard or unclear)
• *-gan (verbal adjective)
• *-duk (past verbal adjective)

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • Volga Bulgar: -تِ (-ti), -جِ (-çi)
    • Chuvash: -рӗ (-rĕ), -чӗ (-čĕ)
  • Khazar: *𐰺𐰇 (*-r¹ü-) (Attested as ח𐰂𐰵𐰆𐰺𐰇𐰢 (חaqur¹üm))
• Common Turkic:

• Arghu:
  • Khalaj: [script needed] (-ti), [script needed] (erti)
• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish: ـدی (-di/-dı)
    • Azerbaijani: -di, -dı, -du, -dü
    • Gagauz: -di, -dı, -du, -dü, -ti, -tı, -tu, -tü
    • Ottoman Turkish: ـدی (-di/-dı/-du/-dü)
      • Turkish: -di, -dı, -du, -dü, -ti, -tı, -tu, -tü
  • Salar: -ci
  • Turkmen: -di
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: ـدٖی (-di, -dï), ـتٖی (-ti, -tï)
    • Khorezmian Turkic:
      • Chagatai:
        • Uzbek: -di
        • Uyghur: [script needed] (-ti), [script needed] (-di)
• Kipchak:
  • West Kipchak:
    • Crimean Tatar: -di
    • Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (-di)
    • Kumyk: [script needed] (-di)
    • Karaim:
  • North Kipchak:
    • Bashkir:
    • Tatar:
  • South Kipchak:
    • Caspian:
      • Kazakh: -ді (-dı), -ті (-tı)
      • Karakalpak: -di, -ti
      • Nogai:
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: -ди (-di)
      • Southern Altai: -ди (-di), ти (ti)
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic:
    • Old Kirghiz: 𐱆𐰄 (-ti), 𐰓𐰄 (-di)
    • Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰃 (-ti), 𐰓𐰃 (-di)
      • Old Uyghur: -ty (-di)
  • North Siberian:
    • Yakut:
    • Dolgan:
  • South Siberian:
    • Sayan Turkic:
      • Tofa:
      • Tuvan:
    • Yenisei Turkic:
      • Khakas:
      • Shor:
      • Western Yugur:

References

• Erdal, Marcel (2004), “-dI”, in A Grammar of Old Turkic (Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies; 3), Brill Academic Publishers, →ISBN, page 238
• Krueger, John Richard (1961), Chuvash Manual: Introduction, Grammar, Reader, and Vocabulary (Uralic and Altaic Series; 7), Indiana University, →ISBN, page 144