Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʔil-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Noun

*ʔil- m

1. deity, god

Inflection

Declension of *ʔil-

Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ʔilum	*ʔilāna	plural stem + *-ūna
Genitive	*ʔilim	*ʔilayna	plural stem + *-īna
Accusative	*ʔilam
possessive forms
1st person	*ʔilī / *ʔilVya	—	*ʔilVni
2nd person m	*ʔilVka	*ʔilVkumā / *ʔilVkumay	*ʔilVkum(ū)
2nd person f	*ʔilVki		*ʔilVkin(ā)
3rd person m	*ʔilVšu	*ʔilVšumā / *ʔilVšumay	*ʔilVšum(ū)
3rd person f	*ʔilVša		*ʔilVšin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ʔiluya for nom. case, *ʔiliya for gen. case, *ʔilaya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ʔil- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *ʔiluka *ʔilāka plural stem + *-ūka Genitive *ʔilika *ʔilayka plural stem + *-īka Accusative *ʔilaka Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ʔil- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *ʔiluki *ʔilāki plural stem + *-ūki Genitive *ʔiliki *ʔilayki plural stem + *-īki Accusative *ʔilaki

Coordinate terms

• *ʔilāhat-

Descendants

• Akkadian: ilum (ilum), 𒀭
• Ammonite: 𐤀𐤋𐤌 (ʾlm)
• Hebrew: אֵל (ʾēl)
• Arabic: إِلّ (ʾill) (probably Canaanite loan)
• Old South Arabic: 𐩱𐩡 (ʾl)
• Phoenician: 𐤀𐤋 (ʾl), 𐤀𐤋𐤕 (ʾlt), 𐤀𐤋𐤌 (ʾlm)
• Samaritan: ࠀࠢࠋ (ʾĕl), ࠀࠜࠋࠠࠄ (ēla), ࠀࠝࠋࠦࠄࠉ࠙ࠝࠌࠬ (ʾelūwem)
• Ugaritic: 𐎛𐎍 (ỉl), 𐎛𐎍𐎚 (ỉlt)

Extended form *ʔilāh-:

• Arabic: الله (allāh), إِلَٰه (ʔilāh)
  • Judeo-Arabic: אללה (allāhu)
  • Maltese: Alla, alla
• Aramaic:
  • Biblical Aramaic: אֱלָהָא (ʾĕlāhā)
  • Lishana Deni: אילאהא (ʾīlāhā), אִילָאהָא
  • Mandaic: ࡀࡋࡀࡄࡀ (alaha)
  • Samaritan Aramaic: ࠀࠣࠋࠟࠄࠟࠄ (ʾĕlāhā)
  • Syriac: ܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ (ʾalāhā)
• Hebrew: אֱלוֹהַּ (ʾĕlṓah), אֱלֹהִים (ʾĕlōhīm)
• Old South Arabic: 𐩱𐩡𐩠 (ʾlh)