Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/yad-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /yad/

Noun

*yad- f

1. hand

Inflection

Declension of *yad-

Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*yadum	*yadāna	plural stem + *-ūna
Genitive	*yadim	*yadayna	plural stem + *-īna
Accusative	*yadam
possessive forms
1st person	*yadī / *yadVya	—	*yadVni
2nd person m	*yadVka	*yadVkumā / *yadVkumay	*yadVkum(ū)
2nd person f	*yadVki		*yadVkin(ā)
3rd person m	*yadVšu	*yadVšumā / *yadVšumay	*yadVšum(ū)
3rd person f	*yadVša		*yadVšin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *yaduya for nom. case, *yadiya for gen. case, *yadaya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *yad- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *yaduka *yadāka plural stem + *-ūka Genitive *yadika *yadayka plural stem + *-īka Accusative *yadaka Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *yad- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *yaduki *yadāki plural stem + *-ūki Genitive *yadiki *yadayki plural stem + *-īki Accusative *yadaki

Declension of *yad-

Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*yadum	*yadāna	*yadātum
Genitive	*yadim	*yadayna	*yadātim
Accusative	*yadam
possessive forms
1st person	*yadī / *yadVya	—	*yadVni
2nd person m	*yadVka	*yadVkumā / *yadVkumay	*yadVkum(ū)
2nd person f	*yadVki		*yadVkin(ā)
3rd person m	*yadVšu	*yadVšumā / *yadVšumay	*yadVšum(ū)
3rd person f	*yadVša		*yadVšin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *yaduya for nom. case, *yadiya for gen. case, *yadaya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *yad- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *yaduka *yadāka *yadātuka Genitive *yadika *yadayka *yadātika Accusative *yadaka Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *yad- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *yaduki *yadāki *yadātuki Genitive *yadiki *yadayki *yadātiki Accusative *yadaki

Reconstruction notes

The stem *ʔid- appears in multiple branches, raising the question of whether the usual reconstruction is maximally parsimonious.

Descendants

• East Semitic:
  • Akkadian: 𒀉 (idum, “arm”)
• West Semitic:
  • Central Semitic:
    • Arabic: يَد (yad)
      • Egyptian Arabic: ايد (īd)
      • Gulf Arabic: ايد (īd)
      • Maltese: id, jedd
      • Moroccan Arabic: يد (yadd, yidd), ايد (ʔīd)
    • Northwest Semitic:
      • Aramaic: יְדָא (yəḏā), יַד (yaḏ)
        • Classical Syriac: ܐܺܝܕܳܐ (ʾīḏā)
      • Canaanite:
        • Hebrew: יָד (yad, yāḏ)
        • Phoenician: 𐤉𐤃 (yd)
      • Ugaritic: 𐎊𐎄 (yd /⁠yadu⁠/)
    • Old South Arabian:
      • Minaean: 𐩺𐩵 (yd)
      • Old South Arabian: 𐩺𐩵 (yd)
      • Qatabanian: 𐩺𐩵 (yd)
      • Sabaean: 𐩺𐩵 (yd)
  • Ethiopian Semitic:
    • Amharic: እጅ (ʾəǧǧ)
    • Ge'ez: እድ (ʾəd)
    • Tigre: እዴ (ʾəde)
    • Tigrinya: ኢድ (ʾid)

References

• Kogan, Leonid (2015) Genealogical Classification of Semitic. The Lexical Isoglosses, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN
• Huehnergard, John (2019) “Proto-Semitic”, in Huehnergard, John and Na'ama Pat-El, editors, The Semitic Languages, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN