dunc

Latin

Etymology

From a crossing of tunc (“then”) with dum (“while”), likely facilitated by the resemblance of dum to tum, a synonym and close relative of tunc. Attested in several inscriptions. Judging by the widespread sense of 'thus' among Romance descendants, Von Wartburg supposes that dunc already had that sense as well. Löfsted demonstrated that dum was used in that sense in Late Latin.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /dunk/, [d̪ʊŋk]

Adverb

dunc (not comparable)

1. (Late Latin, nonstandard) then

Descendants

Numerous forms reflect an additional /a-/ or adverbial /-(a)s/.

• Dalmatian:
  • duanc
• Italo-Romance:
  • Central Italian: donga (Arcevia)
  • Neapolitan: adonca
  • Old Italian: donca, addonca, dunche, adunche
    • Tuscan: donca (Viareggio)
  • Sicilian: dunca, addunca, nunca, annunca, dunchi
• North Italian:
  • Gallo-Italic:
    • Ligurian: dónca
    • Lombard: donca
    • Piedmontese: donca, donch
  • Friulian: doncje, dončhe
  • Venetian: donca
    • →? Ladin: donca

• Gallo-Romance:
  • Franco-Provençal: donc, adonc
  • Oïl:
    • Angevin: don, adon
    • Bourguignon: don, aidon
    • Gallo: don, adon
    • Norman: doun
    • Old French: dunc, adonc
      • French: donc
• Occitano-Romance:
  • Catalan: doncs, donques, donces
  • Occitan: donc, adonc, doncas, adoncas, donca
• Ibero-Romance:
  • Navarro-Aragonese: doncas
  • Old Spanish: doncas

• Insular Romance:
  • Sardinian: duncas, adduncas, ducas, adducas
• ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *dunquam
  • Gallo-Romance:
    • Franco-Provençal: donca, adonca
    • Old French: donkes, donques, donque
      • Middle French: doncques, donc
        • French: donc
    • Old Occitan: adoncas
      • Occitan: adoncas
  • Italo-Romance:
    • Italian: dunqua, donqua, adonqua (all archaic); dunque, adunque (literary)

      Arezzo: donqua

  • Ibero-Romance:
    • Navarro-Aragonese: donquas (in Vidal Mayor)

References

• “doncs” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
• Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1911) “dunc”, in Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), page 215
• Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “dunc”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume
  , page 179

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Old French

Etymology

Inherited from Vulgar Latin dunc. Compare donkes.

Adverb

dunc

1. (often Anglo-Norman) then