dum

See also: dům, -dum, and d'um

English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dʌm/
• Homophone: dumb
• Rhymes: -ʌm

Etymology 1

From Hindi दम (dam).

Adjective

dum (not comparable)

1. (India, cooking) cooked with steam

Etymology 2

Interjection

dum

1. Syllable used when humming a tune.
   • 2012, Graeme Burk, Robert Smith, Who is the Doctor

     I like to hang out with friends and travel the world. But if there's one thing I really love, it's Doctor Who. Dum de dum, dum de dum, dum de dum. Whooo-eee-oooo dum de dum, de dum de dum.

Anagrams

• DMU, MUD, mud

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Danish

Etymology

From Old Norse dumbr (“dumb”), and in the main sense stupid from German dumm. Both from Proto-Germanic *dumbaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeubʰ-. Compare Norwegian and Swedish dum, Icelandic dumbur, English dumb, Low German dumm, Dutch dom, German dumm.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dom/, [d̥ɔmˀ]
• Rhymes: -ɔm

Adjective

dum

1. stupid, dense, dumb, thick, dim
2. foolish, silly, daft

Inflection

Inflection of dum
	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Common singular	dum	dummere	dummest2
Neuter singular	dumt	dummere	dummest2
Plural	dumme	dummere	dummest2
Definite attributive1	dumme	dummere	dummeste
1) When an adjective is applied predicatively to something definite, the corresponding "indefinite" form is used. 2) The "indefinite" superlatives may not be used attributively.

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Esperanto

Etymology

From Latin dum.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dum/

Preposition

dum

1. for

   Mi estos en Usono dum du jaroj.

   I will be in the USA for two years.

2. during
3. while
4. whereas

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Ido

Etymology

From Esperanto dum, from Latin dum.

Preposition

dum

1. during, in (a period of time)

   Il esis absenta dum tri yari.

   He was absent for three years.

Derived terms

• dume (“meanwhile, meantime”)

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Latin

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *de.

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /dum/, [dũ]

• Audio (Classical)

  (file)

Conjunction

dum

1. while, as
   • c. 29 bc, Publius Vergilius Maro, Georgicon, III.285

     fvgit inreparabile tempvs
     singvla dvm capti circvmvectamvr amore

     Irretrievable time flies away while, in thrall to love, we are carried about from one thing to another.

   • c. ad 2, Publius Ovidius Naso, Ars Amatoria, XI

     dvm loqvor hora fvgit

     While I speak, the hour flees away.

     Dum vīxī tacuī, mortua dulce canō.

     While I lived I was quiet; dead I sweetly sing.

2. until
3. as long as

   • Dum erunt homines.

     As long as there are men. (As long as mankind exists.)

4. so long as, provided that

   • Oderint, dum metuant.

     Let them hate, so long as they fear.

Usage notes

Most often used with the present indicative forms of verbs.

Derived terms

• agedum
• dūdum
• interdum
• mānedum
• nōndum

References

• dum in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• dum in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “dum” in Félix Gaffiot’s Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français, Hachette (1934)
• Carl Meissner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • I cannot wait till..: nihil mihi longius est or videtur quam dum or quam ut
    
  • as long as one's strength holds out: dum vires suppetunt
    
  • as long as I live: dum vita suppetit; dum (quoad) vivo
    
• dum in Ramminger, Johann (accessed 16 July 2016) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700^[2], pre-publication website, 2005-2016

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Lojban

Rafsi

dum

1. rafsi of du'u.

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Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Old Norse dumbr, from Proto-Germanic *dumbaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeubʰ-. Compare with Danish dum and Swedish dum, Icelandic dumbur, English dumb, Dutch dom, German dumm.

Adjective

dum (neuter singular dumt, definite singular and plural dumme, comparative dummere, indefinite superlative dummest, definite superlative dummeste)

1. foolish
2. stupid, silly

References

• “dum” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

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Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Old Norse dumbr, from Proto-Germanic *dumbaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeubʰ-.

Adjective

dum (neuter singular dumt, definite singular and plural dumme, comparative dummare, indefinite superlative dummast, definite superlative dummaste)

1. foolish
2. stupid, silly

References

• “dum” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

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Old French

Alternative forms

• dun

Noun

dum m

1. down, feathers of small birds used as insulation material in duvets and sleeping bags

Descendants

• Middle French: dun
• Norman: dùn
• ⇒ Old French: dumet, dumect
  • Norman: dumet, deumet
  • ⇒ Old French: duvet
    • Middle French: duvet
      • French: duvet
        • → English: duvet
    • Norman: duvet

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Old Irish

Noun

dum

1. Alternative form of daum

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
dum	dum pronounced with /ð(ʲ)-/	ndum
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

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Portuguese

Alternative forms

• d'um (dated)

Etymology

From earlier d'uma, from de (“of”) + um (“masculine singular indefinite article”)

Pronunciation

• (Portugal, Brazil) IPA^(key): /dũ/
• (Portugal, following an oral sound) IPA^(key): [ðũ]
• Rhymes: -ũ

Contraction

dum m

1. Contraction of de um (“pertaining or relating to a”).; of a; from a (masculine singular)

Usage notes

The contraction of de + um / uma is never obligatory and sometimes associated with spoken language. In a few cases it is not possible:

1. When de is part of a preposition, as in em vez de:

   Em vez de um escalão ter três anos, ...

2. When um is a numeral:

   Trata-se de um ou dois dias.

Related terms

• duma (feminine form)
• duns (plural form)
• dumas (feminine plural form)

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Saterland Frisian

Etymology

From Old Frisian dumb, from Proto-Germanic *dumbaz. More at dumb.

Adjective

dum

1. stupid; dumb

Synonyms

• hoolich

Derived terms

• Dumstolt

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Swedish

Etymology

From Old Swedish dumber, from Old Norse dumbr, from Proto-Germanic *dumbaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-. Compare Norwegian and Danish dum, Icelandic dumbur, English dumb, Dutch dom, German dumm.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdɵmː/

• audio

  (file)

Adjective

dum

1. stupid, dumb
2. mean, cruel

Declension

Inflection of dum
Indefinite/attributive	Positive	Comparative	Superlative2
Common singular	dum	dummare	dummast
Neuter singular	dumt	dummare	dummast
Plural	dumma	dummare	dummast
Definite	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Masculine singular1	dumme	dummare	dummaste
All	dumma	dummare	dummaste
1) Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine. 2) The indefinite superlative forms are only used in an attributive role.

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Uzbek

Other scripts
Cyrillic	дум‍
Roman	dum‍
Perso-Arabic	‍‍

Etymology

From Persian دم‏ (dom)

Noun

dum (plural dumlar)

1. tail