Appendix:Finnish nominal inflection/hame
KOTUS type 48 (hame) | NSK types 78 (hame), 79 (terve), 80 (ori) and 81 (kiiru) |
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Nominals ending with -e; inverted consonant gradation possible.
This is the most common form of -e declension, but see nalle for personal names. The inflectional stem is formed by adding an e and strengthening the final consonant.
Partitive ending -(t)ta/-(t)tä and genitive plural ending -den/-tten.
Basic declension without consonant gradation[edit]
back vowels (contains a, o or u) |
front vowels (no a, o or u) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Consonant gradation[edit]
Unusually, for gradation purposes nominals of this type act as if there was a consonant after the final -e of the nominative singular, as in vieras; thus the base form is weak. Historically, the stem ended in *-ek or *-eh, but the consonant was regularly lost word-finally. The inflectional stem added a linking -e- to the base form, leaving the root in its strong form, and gradated between -eke- (strong, as in essive *-ekenA) and -ee- (weak, as in most other cases). The inflectional stem was eventually levelled in favour of the weak form -ee-, resulting in all cases other than the nominative and partitive singular having an inflectional stem consisting the strong form of the root + -ee-. For details, see reconstructed Proto-Finnic *-ek.
Summary[edit]
grade | k → kk | p → pp | t → tt | ∅ → k | v → p | d → t | mm → mp | ll → lt | nn → nt | rr → rt | j → k | |
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nominative | weak | savuk
e|| ap e|| peit e|| ai e|| taiv e|| sad e|| lumm e|| kimall e|| vann e|| aarr e|| lahj e | ||||||||||
genitive | strong | savukk
een|| app een|| peitt een|| aik een|| taip een|| sat een|| lump een|| kimalt een|| vant een|| aart een|| lahk een | ||||||||||
partitive | weak | savuk
etta|| ap etta|| peit että|| ai etta|| taiv etta|| sad etta|| lumm etta|| kimall etta|| vann etta|| aarr etta|| lahj etta | ||||||||||
elative | strong | savukk
eesta|| app eesta|| peitt eestä|| aik eesta|| taip eesta|| sat eesta|| lump eesta|| kimalt eesta|| vant eesta|| aart eesta|| lahk eesta | ||||||||||
illative | strong | savukk
eeseen|| app eeseen|| peitt eeseen|| aik eeseen|| taip eeseen|| sat eeseen|| lump eeseen|| kimalt eeseen|| vant eeseen|| aart eeseen|| lahk eeseen |
Complete declension example with consonant gradation (t → d)[edit]
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