Appendix:Finnish nominal inflection/hame

KOTUS type 48 (hame)	NSK types 78 (hame), 79 (terve), 80 (ori) and 81 (kiiru)

Nominals ending with -e; inverted consonant gradation possible.

This is the most common form of -e declension, but see nalle for personal names. The inflectional stem is formed by adding an e and strengthening the final consonant.

Partitive ending -(t)ta/-(t)tä and genitive plural ending -den/-tten.

Basic declension without consonant gradation

back vowels (contains a, o or u)

front vowels (no a, o or u)

Inflection of Finnish nominal inflection/hame (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation) nominative hame hameet genitive hameen hameiden hameitten partitive hametta hameita illative hameeseen hameisiin hameihin singular plural nominative hame hameet accusative nom. hame hameet gen. hameen genitive hameen hameiden hameitten partitive hametta hameita inessive hameessa hameissa elative hameesta hameista illative hameeseen hameisiin hameihin adessive hameella hameilla ablative hameelta hameilta allative hameelle hameille essive hameena hameina translative hameeksi hameiksi instructive — hamein abessive hameetta hameitta comitative — hameineen

Inflection of Finnish nominal inflection/hame (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation) nominative sähke sähkeet genitive sähkeen sähkeiden sähkeitten partitive sähkettä sähkeitä illative sähkeeseen sähkeisiin sähkeihin singular plural nominative sähke sähkeet accusative nom. sähke sähkeet gen. sähkeen genitive sähkeen sähkeiden sähkeitten partitive sähkettä sähkeitä inessive sähkeessä sähkeissä elative sähkeestä sähkeistä illative sähkeeseen sähkeisiin sähkeihin adessive sähkeellä sähkeillä ablative sähkeeltä sähkeiltä allative sähkeelle sähkeille essive sähkeenä sähkeinä translative sähkeeksi sähkeiksi instructive — sähkein abessive sähkeettä sähkeittä comitative — sähkeineen

Consonant gradation

Unusually, for gradation purposes nominals of this type act as if there was a consonant after the final -e of the nominative singular, as in vieras; thus the base form is weak. Historically, the stem ended in *-ek or *-eh, but the consonant was regularly lost word-finally. The inflectional stem added a linking -e- to the base form, leaving the root in its strong form, and gradated between -eke- (strong, as in essive *-ekenA) and -ee- (weak, as in most other cases). The inflectional stem was eventually levelled in favour of the weak form -ee-, resulting in all cases other than the nominative and partitive singular having an inflectional stem consisting the strong form of the root + -ee-. For details, see reconstructed Proto-Finnic *-ek.

Summary

	grade	k → kk	p → pp	t → tt	∅ → k	v → p	d → t	mm → mp	ll → lt	nn → nt	rr → rt	j → k
nominative	weak	savuke	ape	peite	aie	taive	sade	lumme	kimalle	vanne	aarre	lahje
genitive	strong	savukkeen	appeen	peitteen	aikeen	taipeen	sateen	lumpeen	kimalteen	vanteen	aarteen	lahkeen
partitive	weak	savuketta	apetta	peitettä	aietta	taivetta	sadetta	lummetta	kimalletta	vannetta	aarretta	lahjetta
elative	strong	savukkeesta	appeesta	peitteestä	aikeesta	taipeesta	sateesta	lumpeesta	kimalteesta	vanteesta	aarteesta	lahkeesta
illative	strong	savukkeeseen	appeeseen	peitteeseen	aikeeseen	taipeeseen	sateeseen	lumpeeseen	kimalteeseen	vanteeseen	aarteeseen	lahkeeseen

Complete declension example with consonant gradation (t → d)

singular plural nominative sade sateet genitive sateen sateiden sateitten partitive sadetta sateita accusative sade sateen sateet inessive sateessa sateissa elative sateesta sateista illative sateeseen sateisiin sateihin adessive sateella sateilla ablative sateelta sateilta allative sateelle sateille essive sateena sateina translative sateeksi sateiksi instructive – satein abessive sateetta sateitta comitative – sateineen 1) Rare.