Appendix:Proto-Sogeram reconstructions
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The following Proto-Sogeram reconstructions are from Daniels (2015).
Daniels (2015)[edit]
Daniels (2015: 360-392) reconstructs the following Proto-Sogeram forms.[1]
| Proto-Sogeram | Part of speech | Gloss |
|---|---|---|
| *aia | v. | come.IMP |
| *akar | n. | chin |
| *akɨru | n. | sugar (Saccharum officinarum) |
| *aku | n. | sleep |
| *akwasa | n. | betelnut (Areca catechu) |
| *akwra | v. | carry away |
| *aman | n. | breast |
| *amɨr | adv. | yesterday |
| *ampa | v. | speak |
| *ampɨŋ | n. | wing |
| *ampɨta | n. | sleep |
| *ampra | n. | place, area |
| *amur | adv. | tomorrow |
| *anta, antɨ- | v. | do |
| *añɨr | adv. | two days away |
| *añɨkwrɨñ | adv. | day before yesterday |
| *aŋam | n. | collared brush-turkey (Talegalla jobiensis) |
| *aŋku | n. | throat |
| *aŋkwa | v. | cry out |
| *apapara | n. | butterfly |
| *apar | n. | mountain |
| *arɨka | n. | middle |
| *arɨN | v. | laugh |
| *arum | adj. | good |
| *asɨŋ | n. | leaf |
| *ataŋ | adj. | far |
| *atɨ | n. | what |
| *av | n. | fire |
| *i | v. | hold, carry |
| *iaka | v. | come up |
| *iaku, iakw- | v. | go up |
| *iaŋkum | n. | blood, red |
| *iau | n. | fish |
| *ika | v. | cut, chop |
| *ikakara | n. | chicken (Gallus gallus) |
| *ikuntɨ | adv. | morning |
| *iman | n. | louse |
| *impi | n. | name |
| *impɨnt | adj. | good |
| *impra | v. | act badly, (of food) go bad |
| *imu | v. | put in pot |
| *ina | n. | sun |
| *intar, intarɨ- | v. | hear, perceive |
| *intua | adj. | bad |
| *intua, intu- | v. | open |
| *iŋar | n., adv. | sun, day |
| *iŋka | v. | see, perceive |
| *iŋkɨn | n. | ground possum |
| *iŋkra | v. | split |
| *iŋkwa, iŋkw- | v. | give |
| *irɨka | v. | cry |
| *ipa | v. | come out, across |
| *ipa mɨŋka | svc. | appear (at) |
| *ipra | v. | hide (intr.) |
| *ipu | v. | go in |
| *ir, irɨ- | v. | turn, spin |
| *ir uara | vac. | exceed |
| *iran | n. | parrot species |
| *irañ | n. | sharpness, edge |
| *isa | v. | bite |
| *isaŋ | n.inal. | same-sex older sibling |
| *isi | v. | fetch water |
| *iui | n.inal. | nephew, niece |
| *-ivi | n.inal. | father’s younger brother |
| *ivra | v. | barter, exchange |
| *ivu | v. | hit |
| *kaiampra | n. | village |
| *kaiaŋki | n. | sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) |
| *kaka | v. | tie, fasten |
| *kakri | n. | axe |
| *kamɨŋaua | n. | millipede |
| *kampa | adv. | together |
| *kampan | n. | jaw |
| *kamu | n. | fog, cloud |
| *kamura | n. | betel pepper (Piper betle) |
| *kansɨŋ | n. | festival decoration |
| *kanta | adj., adv. | true, very |
| *kantar | n. | shadow |
| *kanti | n. | sickness |
| *kanti | n. | body |
| *kañaŋ | n. | bone |
| *kaŋra | v. | run |
| *kap | adv. | just |
| *kapa | n. | bird |
| *kapra | v. | throw |
| *kapu | v. | carry |
| *kari | n. | betelnut (Areca catechu) |
| *kariv | n. | flying fox |
| *kasam | n. | breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) |
| *kasɨñ | n. | sand |
| *kaur | adj. | unripe |
| *kaura | n. | loincloth |
| *-kav | n.inal. | mother’s brother |
| *kia | n. | speech |
| *kikra | v. | watch |
| *kiman | n. | firstborn male |
| *kimpañ | n. | saliva |
| *kimri | adj. | cold |
| *kina, kinakina | adj. | crooked |
| *kinaŋ | n. | axe |
| *kira | n. | fight |
| *kiuañ | n. | footprint |
| *kɨki | adj. | new |
| *kɨmi | n. | bow |
| *kɨmpar, kɨmparɨ- | v. | carry on shoulder |
| *kɨmparam | n. | eel |
| *kɨmu | v. | die |
| *kɨnta | v. | walk |
| *kɨntɨr | n. | root |
| *kɨña, kɨñɨ- | v. | stay |
| *kɨñakuŋ | n. | wattled brush-turkey (Aepypodius arfakianus) |
| *kɨñakw | n. | paint tree |
| *kɨñam | adv. | near |
| *kɨŋaN | n. | kind of arrow |
| *kɨpa | v. | get up |
| *kɨsar | n. | spear |
| *kɨvɨr | n. | night |
| *kɨvtiti | adv. | afternoon |
| *kra | v. | blow |
| *kra | v. | roast |
| *kuar | n. | garden |
| *kui | v. | shoot, pierce |
| *kuimaŋ | n. | coconut (Cocos nucifera) |
| *kukasa | n. | frog |
| *kukɨ | n. | sago grub (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) |
| *kukra | v. | grow, swell |
| *kuman | n. | arm, hand |
| *kumpin | n. | Victoria crowned pigeon (Goura victoria) |
| *kumpɨ | n. | path |
| *kumpra | v. | take off, remove |
| *kumpru | v. | break (intr.) |
| *-kuna | n.inal. | sister of male ego |
| *kunaŋ | n. | plate |
| *kunsa | n. | yam (Dioscorea sp.) |
| *kuntar | n. | centipede |
| *kuŋka | adj. | yellow |
| *kuŋkiŋ | n. | whistle |
| *kuŋkɨ | n. | knot |
| *kuŋkra | v. | cook, boil |
| *kupra | v. | jump |
| *kur, kurɨ- | v. | plant, shoot |
| *kuram | n. | man |
| *kusai | adv. | first, before |
| *kut | n. | back |
| *kutaŋ | adj. | long |
| *kuyiv | n. | bird of paradise |
| *kwaka | v. | cut, chop |
| *kwɨmka | n. | stomach |
| *kwɨñaŋ | n. | palm cockatoo (Probosciger aterrimus) |
| *kwɨŋkɨs | n. | armpit |
| *maka | n. | tooth |
| *maka | adj. | male |
| *maka | v. | pick (from plant) |
| *makam | n. | branch |
| *makin | n. | sago (Metroxylon sp.) |
| *manɨŋ | n. | banana (Musa sp.) |
| *mansɨn | n. | bowstring |
| *mantɨŋ | n. | side (of body) |
| *maŋka | n. | egg |
| *maŋkra | v. | pull |
| *mapa | v. | dig |
| *mapɨn | n. | liver |
| *mara | v. | call to (an animal) |
| *marɨk | n. | sorcerer |
| *maru | v. | handle |
| *mata | v. | paddle |
| *mavra | n. | crocodile |
| *mi | n. | thought |
| *mi tama | vac. | think |
| *mia | n. | sand |
| *mikuŋ | n. | brain |
| *mimpɨŋ | n. | ironwood tree (Intsia bijuga) |
| *mintaŋ, -minta | n.inal. | cross-cousin |
| *miŋra | v. | vomit |
| *mir | n. | tongue |
| *mira | n. | firelight |
| *mirkwa | n. | cordyline (Cordyline fruticosa) |
| *mita | v. | leave |
| *mɨkum | n. | cheek |
| *mɨni | adv. | later |
| *mɨnɨ | n. | hair |
| *mɨnta | n. | sword grass (Imperata cylindrica) |
| *mɨntɨ | n., adj. | blood, ripe |
| *-mɨŋ | n.inal. | mother |
| *mɨŋa | v. | get, hold |
| *mɨŋka | v. | come down |
| *mɨŋkɨn | n. | penis |
| *mɨŋkra | v. | cut |
| *mɨŋku, mɨŋkw- | v. | go down |
| *mɨraŋ | n. | mushroom |
| *mɨrɨm | n. | sap |
| *mɨta | v. | be full |
| *mɨti | n. | cough |
| *-mkam | n.inal. | mother |
| *-mku | n.inal. | nephew, niece |
| *-mp | n.inal. | daughter-in-law |
| *mu | n. | nose |
| *mu | SPEC | |
| *(mu) kɨm | phrs. | (a certain) thing |
| *muiam | n. | cassowary (Casuarius unappendiculatus) |
| *-muk | n.inal. | brother |
| *mukɨr | n. | white hair |
| *muku | n. | ball, round thing |
| *-mum | n.inal. | husband |
| *mumim | n. | earthquake |
| *muŋmi | n. | bee |
| *mut | n. | period of time |
| *-namp | n.inal. | daughter-in-law |
| *naŋkum | n. | neck |
| *naŋram | n. | frog |
| *naunti | n. | woman |
| *ña | v. | eat |
| *ña | n. | son |
| *ñama | n.inal. | same-sex younger sibling |
| *ñaŋkur | n. | mosquito |
| *ñaŋña | n. | food |
| *ñɨŋi | adj., n. | small, child |
| *-ñki | n.inal. | paternal grandfather |
| *-ŋti | n.inal. | father |
| *paka | adv. | only |
| *pam | adj., adv. | one, only |
| *pat | n. | center |
| *pia, pi- | v. | take |
| *-pɨki | n.inal. | paternal grandmother |
| *pɨm | n. | weight |
| *pɨntum | n. | stump |
| *pɨŋ | n. | buttress root |
| *pɨsa | n. | skin |
| *pɨta | adj. | wet |
| *pumpɨŋ | n. | sweat |
| *punsɨŋ | n. | bone |
| *-ra | n.inal. | same-sex younger sibling |
| *=rɨ- | v. | be |
| *sakai | n. | bamboo |
| *sampan | n. | shore |
| *sampaN | n. | pig |
| *saŋkam | n. | fight |
| *sar | n. | snake |
| *si | n. | place |
| *-si | n.inal. | same-sex older sibling |
| *siar | n. | starling (Aplonis sp.) |
| *sikɨñ | adv. | three days away |
| *simpirɨm | n. | navel |
| *sɨ | n. | smoke |
| *sɨ- | v. | do |
| *sɨka | n. | piece |
| *sɨkan, sɨkansɨkan | adv. | completely |
| *-sɨki | n.inal. | maternal grandfather |
| *sɨkra | v. | break (intr.) |
| *sɨku | adv. | very |
| *sɨmpɨ | n. | mouth |
| *sɨntaŋ | n. | fat |
| *sɨntia, sɨnti- | v. | close |
| *sɨŋki | n. | pot |
| *sɨrɨvɨr | adj. | straight |
| *sɨs | n. | grass, hair |
| *sɨv | n. | family |
| *su | n. | feces |
| *sukan | n. | reed sp. |
| *sumɨñ | n. | vine |
| *suntɨ | n. | spirit |
| *sura | n. | forest |
| *tai | v. | go up |
| *taka | v. | tear |
| *takam | n. | vulva |
| *takun | n. | moon |
| *takwɨ | n. | snake |
| *tam | n. | tail |
| *tama | v. | put |
| *tamkan | n. | eye |
| *tampa | n. | stone |
| *tampra | v. | distribute |
| *tantam | n. | leg, foot |
| *taŋkwa, taŋkw- | v. | sharpen |
| *taŋkwa, taŋkw- | v. | step on |
| *taŋkwa tama- | svc. | stand |
| *tar | n. | tree |
| *tauka | v. | buy |
| *ti | v. | become |
| *tintɨ | n. | star |
| *tɨka | v. | peel, detach |
| *tɨki | v. | fill |
| *tɨku, tɨkw- | v. | look, see |
| *tɨkwɨ | n. | area under |
| *tɨm | n. | piece |
| *tɨmpu | v. | tie |
| *tɨŋkɨñ | adj. | black |
| *tɨpa | v. | fear, be afraid |
| *tua, tu- | v. | burn (intr.) |
| *tutɨm | n. | salt |
| *ua, u- | v. | go, say |
| *uaka | adv. | maybe |
| *umai | n. | bean |
| *umpaŋ | n. | heart |
| *uŋkam | adj. | white |
| *upri | n. | dog |
| *ura | v. | call out |
| *uram | n. | house |
| *urir | n. | parrot species |
| *uvia | n. | morning star |
| *-v, -vɨ | n.inal. | mother’s brother |
| *-vai | n.inal. | maternal grandmother |
| *vai- | v. | come |
| *-van | n.inal. | father |
| *vaŋan | n. | bag |
| *vaŋka | n. | leaf |
| *vim | n. | sore |
| *viŋkau | n. | mist |
| *vɨka | v. | slice, cut |
| *vɨkara | v. | finish |
| *vɨku | v. | burst |
| *vɨr | n. | ground, land |
| *vɨr kama | vac. | dawn |
| *vɨr, vrɨ- | v. | scratch |
| *vumra | v. | fly |
| *vVkra | v. | look for |
References[edit]
- ^ Daniels, Don. 2015. A Reconstruction of Proto-Sogeram Phonology, Lexicon, and Morphosyntax. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara.
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