Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/zъlъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰwel- (“to lie, deceive”). Cognate with Ancient Greek φῆλος (phêlos, “deceitful”), Sanskrit वृ (vṛ, “twist, crook”), Avestan 𐬰𐬎𐬭𐬀𐬵 (zurah, “injustice”), Lithuanian žulas (“rough”), Latvian zveļu (“to turn aside”).
Adjective
*zъlъ (comparative *gořьjь)
- bad (not good)
Declension
Indefinite declension of *zъlъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *zъlъ | *zъla | *zъlo |
| genitive | *zъla | *zъly | *zъla |
| dative | *zъlu | *zъlě | *zъlu |
| accusative | *zъlъ | *zъlǫ | *zъlo |
| instrumental | *zъlomь | *zъlojǫ | *zъlomь |
| locative | *zъlě | *zъlě | *zъlě |
| vocative | *zъle | *zъlo | *zъlo |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *zъla | *zъlě | *zъlě |
| genitive | *zъlu | *zъlu | *zъlu |
| dative | *zъloma | *zъlama | *zъloma |
| accusative | *zъla | *zъlě | *zъlě |
| instrumental | *zъloma | *zъlama | *zъloma |
| locative | *zъlu | *zъlu | *zъlu |
| vocative | *zъla | *zъlě | *zъlě |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *zъli | *zъly | *zъla |
| genitive | *zъlъ | *zъlъ | *zъlъ |
| dative | *zъlomъ | *zъlamъ | *zъlomъ |
| accusative | *zъly | *zъly | *zъla |
| instrumental | *zъly | *zъlami | *zъly |
| locative | *zъlěxъ | *zъlaxъ | *zъlěxъ |
| vocative | *zъli | *zъly | *zъla |
Definite declension of *zъlъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *zъlъjь | *zъlaja | *zъloje |
| genitive | *zъlajego | *zъlyję̇ | *zъlajego |
| dative | *zъlujemu | *zъlěji | *zъlujemu |
| accusative | *zъlъjь | *zъlǫjǫ | *zъloje |
| instrumental | *zъlyjimь | *zъlǫjǫ | *zъlyjimь |
| locative | *zъlějemь | *zъlěji | *zъlějemь |
| vocative | *zъlъjь | *zъlaja | *zъloje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *zъlaja | *zъlěji | *zъlěji |
| genitive | *zъluju | *zъluju | *zъluju |
| dative | *zъlyjima | *zъlyjima | *zъlyjima |
| accusative | *zъlaja | *zъlěji | *zъlěji |
| instrumental | *zъlyjima | *zъlyjima | *zъlyjima |
| locative | *zъluju | *zъluju | *zъluju |
| vocative | *zъlaja | *zъlěji | *zъlěji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *zъliji | *zъlyję̇ | *zъlaja |
| genitive | *zъlъjixъ | *zъlъjixъ | *zъlъjixъ |
| dative | *zъlyjimъ | *zъlyjimъ | *zъlyjimъ |
| accusative | *zъlyję̇ | *zъlyję̇ | *zъlaja |
| instrumental | *zъlyjimi | *zъlyjimi | *zъlyjimi |
| locative | *zъlyjixъ | *zъlyjixъ | *zъlyjixъ |
| vocative | *zъliji | *zъlyję̇ | *zъlaja |
Antonyms
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
References
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “злой”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Derksen, Rick (2008) “*zъlъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 551