Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/abuhaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative form

*abugaz^[1]^[2]

Etymology

From Pre-Germanic *ápōkʷos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂époh₃kʷos, with alteration based on adjectives in *-ugaz. The term is ultimately from a compound of *h₂epó (“away from”) +‎ *h₃ekʷ- (“eye”). Cognate with Sanskrit अपाञ्च् (ápāñc, “located backwards, behind”), Proto-Slavic *opakъ (“inverted”).^[3] The word would be, by respective roots, morphologically equivalent (but not semantically) to French aveugle (“blind”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɑ.βu.xɑz/
Rhymes: -ɑ.βu.xɑz

Adjective

*abuhaz^[4]^[2]^[3]

turned the wrong way, inverted
wicked, bad

Inflection

Declension of *abuhaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*abuhaz	*abuhō	*abuhą, -atō	*abuhai	*abuhôz	*abuhō
accusative	*abuhanǭ	*abuhǭ	*abuhą, -atō	*abuhanz	*abuhōz	*abuhō
genitive	*abuhas, -is	*abuhaizōz	*abuhas, -is	*abuhaizǫ̂	*abuhaizǫ̂	*abuhaizǫ̂
dative	*abuhammai	*abuhaizōi	*abuhammai	*abuhaimaz	*abuhaimaz	*abuhaimaz
instrumental	*abuhanō	*abuhaizō	*abuhanō	*abuhaimiz	*abuhaimiz	*abuhaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*abuhô	*abuhǭ	*abuhô	*abuhaniz	*abuhōniz	*abuhōnō
accusative	*abuhanų	*abuhōnų	*abuhô	*abuhanunz	*abuhōnunz	*abuhōnō
genitive	*abuhiniz	*abuhōniz	*abuhiniz	*abuhanǫ̂	*abuhōnǫ̂	*abuhanǫ̂
dative	*abuhini	*abuhōni	*abuhini	*abuhammaz	*abuhōmaz	*abuhammaz
instrumental	*abuhinē	*abuhōnē	*abuhinē	*abuhammiz	*abuhōmiz	*abuhammiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *abuh
- ⇒ Old English: afuhlīċ
- Old Saxon: abuh, avuh
- Old High German: abuh
  - Middle High German: ebich
    - German: äbich
Old Norse: ǫfugr, ǫfigr, afigr
- Icelandic: öfugur
- Norwegian: avig, avug, ovug
- Old Swedish: avigher, avugher, avogher
  - Swedish: avig, avog, avot
- Old Danish:
  - Danish: avet
- → English: awk
Gothic: 𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌺𐍃 (ibuks)

References

^ Heidermanns, Frank (1993), “abuga-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive (Studia linguistica Germanica; 33) (in German), Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 93
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Vladimir Orel (2003), “*abuʒaz ~ *abuxaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*abuha-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 2
^ Heidermanns, Frank (1993), “abuha-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive (Studia linguistica Germanica; 33) (in German), Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 94

[EWGP_1-1] Heidermanns, Frank (1993), “abuga-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive (Studia linguistica Germanica; 33) (in German), Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 93

[HGE-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Vladimir Orel (2003), “*abuʒaz ~ *abuxaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1

[EDPG-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*abuha-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 2

[EWGP_2-4] Heidermanns, Frank (1993), “abuha-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive (Studia linguistica Germanica; 33) (in German), Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 94

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