Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰed-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰed- and Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰedʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*ǵʰed-^[1]^[2]

to defecate

Alternative reconstructions

*gʰed-^[3]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰed- (8 c, 0 e)

*ǵʰéd-e-ti (thematic root present)^[1]^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰádati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰádati
    - Sanskrit: हदति (hádati, “to evacuate, discharge excrement”)
*ǵʰéd-ye-ti (ye-present)^[2]^[4]^[5]^[6]
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰédzō
  - Ancient Greek: χέζω (khézō, “to shit”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Albanian: *dzetša
  - Albanian: dhjes
*ǵʰḗd-s-t ~ *ǵʰéd-s-n̥t (s-aorist)^[1]
- Proto-Hellenic: *ékʰesə
  - Ancient Greek: ἔχεσα (ékhesa)
*ǵʰe-ǵʰód-e ~ *ǵʰe-ǵʰd-ḗr (stative)^[1]
- Proto-Hellenic: *kékʰoda
  - Ancient Greek: κέχοδα (kékhoda)
- Proto-Albanian:^[6]
  - >? Albanian: ndot (“to make dirty”)
*ǵʰéd-o-s (“butt”)^[7]^[4]^[8]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ձետ (jet, “tail”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰádas
  - Proto-Iranian: *jádah
    - Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬵 m (zadah, “buttocks”)

Unsorted formations

>? Proto-Slavic: *zadъ m (“rump”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “g̑ʰed-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 172
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 187: “*g̑hed-i̯e/o-; *g̑hed-e/o-”
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), “ghed-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 423
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “χέζω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1618
^ Orel, Vladimir (1998), “dhjes”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 83
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997), “dhjes”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[1] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 161
^ Stüber, Karin (2002), Die primären s-Stämme des Indogermanischen (in German), Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, pages 85–86, 233, 253, 260
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “jet”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 432

[LIV-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “g̑ʰed-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 172

[EIEC-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 187: “*g̑hed-i̯e/o-; *g̑hed-e/o-”

[3] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “ghed-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 423

[Beekes-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “χέζω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1618

[5] Orel, Vladimir (1998), “dhjes”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 83

[Demiraj-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997), “dhjes”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[1] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 161

[7] Stüber, Karin (2002), Die primären s-Stämme des Indogermanischen (in German), Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, pages 85–86, 233, 253, 260

[8] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “jet”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 432

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