Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰewgʰ-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰewg-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*bʰewgʰ-^[1]^[2]

to bend
curve, arch

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰewgʰ- (36 c, 0 e)

*bʰéwgʰ-e-ti (thematic present)
- Proto-Germanic: *beuganą (see there for further descendants)

*bʰowgʰ-éye-ti (éye-causative)
- Proto-Germanic: *baugijaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰugʰ-to-
- Proto-Albanian: *bukta
  - Albanian: butë

*bʰugʰ- (zero-grade root present)
- >? Armenian: բուկ (buk) (seems to reflect *bʰewg-)
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰuǰáti (seems to reflect *bʰewg-)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰuȷ́áti
    - Sanskrit: भुजति (bhujáti)
  - Proto-Iranian: *buȷ́áti
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬜𐬡𐬀𐬊𐬖𐬀 (δβaoγa, “bend”) (perhaps)
      Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬞𐬌𐬜𐬡𐬀𐬊𐬖𐬀 (aⁱpiδβaoγa, “bending from behind”)
    - Khotanese: [script needed] (nihujs, “to sink down, set”) (+ *ni- (“down”)); [script needed] (haṃbujs, “to bow down”) (+ *ham- (“co-”))

*bʰugʰ-eh₂-yé-ti (eh₂-denominal causative)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *bъgati (“to bend”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰugʰ-néh₂-ti (iterative)
- Proto-Germanic: *bukkōną (“to bend”)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *bugô (“bow”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰu-né-gʰ- ~ *bʰu-n̥-gʰ-e-ti (nasal-infix present)
- Proto-Celtic: *bungeti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéwgʰ-ti-s ~ *bʰugʰ-téy-s
- Proto-Germanic: *buhtiz (“bend, arch, curve”) (< *bʰúktis) (see there for further descendants)
*bʰowgʰ-o-s
- Proto-Germanic: *baugaz (“bend”) (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰawgas (seems to reflect *bʰewg-)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: भोग (bhogá, “winding, curve”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *bawgah
    - Baluchi: بوگ (bōg, “joint, knot”)
- Proto-Slavic: *bugъ (“armillary”)
- ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baugāˀ
  - Latvian: boga (“marshy place at a river”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *buga (“marsh, oxbow lake”)^[3]

*bʰówgʰ-ro-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: baũgurs
  - Proto-Slavic: *bugrъ (see there for further descendants)

>? *bʰowgʰ-ú-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: baugùs (“fearful, easily frightened”)^[4]
    - ⇒ Lithuanian: bū́gti (“to fear”) (sta-present)
  - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *bugavъ (“mentally challenged”) (rare)

*bʰugʰ-nó-s (“bent”)
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰugnás (< *bʰewg-)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰugnás
    - Sanskrit: भुग्न (bhugná)

*gʰewbʰ- (metathesized root)
- *gʰu-né-bʰ- ~ *gʰu-m-bʰ- (nasal-infix present)
  - Balto-Slavic:
    - Latvian: gubt
    - Lithuanian: gùbti
- *gʰubʰ-néw- ~ *gʰubʰ-nu- (nu-present)
  - Balto-Slavic:
    - Proto-Slavic: *gъ(b)nǫti (see there for further descendants)
- *gʰowbʰ-eye- (causative/iterative)
  - Balto-Slavic:
    - Proto-Slavic: *gubìti (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúǰas (seems to reflect *bʰewg-)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰúȷ́as
  - Sanskrit: भुज (bhúja)

References

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*bʰeu̯gʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 85
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), “2. bheug-, bheugh-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 152
^ Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1976), “*buga”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 3 (*bratrьcь – *cьrky), Moscow: Nauka, page 78
^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “baugus”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 83

[1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*bʰeu̯gʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 85

[2] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “2. bheug-, bheugh-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 152

[3] Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1976), “*buga”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 3 (*bratrьcь – *cьrky), Moscow: Nauka, page 78

[4] Derksen, Rick (2015), “baugus”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 83

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