Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dyḗws
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From earlier *dyéws,[1] from *dyew- (“sky, heaven”) + *-s (root nominal suffix).
Noun[edit]
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*dyḗws m
Inflection[edit]
| Athematic, hysterokinetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||
| nominative | *dyḗws | ||
| genitive | *diwés | ||
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *dyḗws | *dyéwh₁(e) | *dyéwes |
| vocative | *dyéw | *dyéwh₁(e) | *dyéwes |
| accusative | *dyḗm | *dyéwh₁(e) | *dyéwm̥s |
| genitive | *diwés | *? | *diwóHom |
| ablative | *diwés | *? | *diwmós |
| dative | *diwéy | *? | *diwmós |
| locative | *dyéw, *dyéwi | *? | *diwsú |
| instrumental | *diwéh₁ | *? | *diwmís |
Notes:
- Acc. sg. dyḗm (< *dyéw-m per Stang's law).
- Nom. sg. dyḗws (with ē from acc. case).
- For the name of the deity, *ph₂tḗr (“father”) is often added as an apposition, which inflects as well.
Compare with the attested Sanskrit forms
- द्यौः (dyáuḥ, nom.sg.)
- द्यौः (dyàuḥ, voc.sg.)
- द्याम् (dyā́m) / दिवम् (dívam, acc.sg.)
- दिवा (divā́) / दीवा (dīvā, instr.sg.)
- दिवे (dive) / द्यवे (dyave, dat.sg.)
- दिवः (diváḥ) / द्योः (dyóḥ, abl/gen.sg.)
- दिवि (diví) / द्यवि (dyávi, loc.sg.)
- द्यावा (dyāvā, nom.du.)
- द्यावः (dyā́vaḥ) / दिवः (divaḥ, nom.pl.)
- द्यून् (dyū́n) / दिवः (dívaḥ) / दिवः (diváḥ, acc.pl.)
- द्युभिस् (dyúbhis, instr.pl.))
Descendants[edit]
- Proto-Anatolian:
- Proto-Armenian: *tiw-
- Old Armenian: տիւ (tiw)
- Proto-Hellenic: *Dzéus (“sky god, Zeus”) (see there for further descendants)
- Albanian: Zojz
- Messapic: Zis
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyā́wš (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *djous (see there for further descendants)
- Lusitanian:
- → English: Dyeus
Derived terms[edit]
- *dyḗws-ph₂tḗr
- Proto-Hellenic: *dzéu patér (< vocative *dyéw-ph₂tér)
- Ancient Greek: Ζεῦ πάτερ (Zeû páter)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyā́wš-pHtā́
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dyā́wṣ-pHtā́
- Vedic Sanskrit: द्यौष्पितृ (dyáuṣ-pitṛ́)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dyā́wṣ-pHtā́
- Proto-Italic: *djous patēr (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *dzéu patér (< vocative *dyéw-ph₂tér)
- *dyḗws-átta
- >? Proto-Albanian: *dźie̅u ̊ a(t)t-
Further reading[edit]
- Martirosyan, Hrach (2019) “Traces of Indo-European ‘Father Sky, God’ in Armenian”, in U. Bläsing, J. Dum-Tragut, T.M. van Lint, editors, Armenian, Hittite, and Indo-European Studies: A Commemoration Volume for Jos J.S. Weitenberg (Hebrew University Armenian Studies; 15), Leuven: Peeters, pages 195–196
References[edit]
- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 337
- ^ Demiraj, B. (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)[1] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, pages 431-2