Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷṓws

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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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    Noun

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    *gʷṓws m or f[1][2][3]

    1. cattle

    Inflection

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    Athematic, acrostatic
    singular
    nominative *gʷṓws
    genitive *gʷéws
    singular dual plural
    nominative *gʷṓws *gʷówh₁(e) *gʷówes
    vocative *gʷów *gʷówh₁(e) *gʷówes
    accusative *gʷṓm *gʷówh₁(e) *gʷówm̥s
    genitive *gʷéws *? *gʷéwoHom
    ablative *gʷéws *? *gʷéwmos
    dative *gʷéwey *? *gʷéwmos
    locative *gʷéw, *gʷéwi *? *gʷéwsu
    instrumental *gʷéwh₁ *? *gʷéwmis

    Reconstruction notes

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    Although this word is widely attested, there is no trace of the e-grade (*gʷéw-) (except perhaps in the oblique Indo-Iranian stem gav-, through the absence of Brugmann's law), which is unexpected. Because of this, and in order to connect it to the stem *gʷeh₃- (“to graze”) (βόσκω (bóskō)), it is reconstructed by some as a proterokinetic u-stem *gʷéh₃-u-s.[3][4]

    Alternative reconstruction

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    • *gʷéh₃-u-s ~ *gʷh₃-éw-s[5]

    Derived terms

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    • *gʷow-kʷólh₁-o-s (“cowherd”) (+ *kʷelh₁- (“to make a turn, turn around”))[1]
      • Proto-Celtic: *boukolyos (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Hellenic: *gʷoukólos (see there for further descendants)
    • *gʷow-io- or *gʷh₃ew-io-
      • Armenian:
        • Old Armenian: կոգի (kogi, “butter”)
    • *gʷow-wr̥sen- (“male cow, bull”)[6]

    Descendants

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    • Proto-Albanian: *gau
      • ⇒ Proto-Albanian: *gauka
        • Albanian: gak (“boar”)
    • Proto-Albanian: *kē (from earlier *kʷē) (an early loanword from a different IE language)
      • Albanian: ka (“ox”)
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Luwian:
        Anatolian Hieroglyphs script: 𔑺𔗬𔗔 (BOSwa/i-s(a) /⁠wawis⁠/)
    • Armenian:
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gaw-, *gōw-
      • Latgalian: gūvs
      • Latvian: govs
      • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *govędo < *gʷew-n̥d- (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *gumьno (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *gavęzь (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Celtic: *bāus (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *kōz (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *gʷous (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gā́wš (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *gʷōs (see there for further descendants)
    • Thracian: bonassos (possibly)
    • Proto-Tocharian: *kew- [7] (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Tocharian:

    References

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    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “gu̯ou-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 482-483
    2. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 198
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 189ff.
    4. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “PGm. *kō- ~ *kū- f. ‘cow’”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
    5. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 74
    6. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “kauᵤrṣe”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 222-223
    7. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “keᵤ”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 201-202
    8. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “kaiyye”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 214

    Further reading

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