Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ŕ̥tḱos

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

Uncertain;[1] possibly nominalized from root *h₂retḱ- (“to damage, harm”) (see also LIV root *h₁reḱs- (“to damage”)[2]), whence Sanskrit रक्षस् (rákṣas, “damage, injury; demon”), Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬀𐬵 (rašah, “damage”), 𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬧𐬙 (rašaiieṇt, “to damage”).[3]

Noun

[edit]

*h₂ŕ̥tḱos (non-ablauting)[4][3]

  1. bear

Inflection

[edit]
Thematic
singular
nominative *h₂ŕ̥tḱos
genitive *h₂ŕ̥tḱosyo
singular dual plural
nominative *h₂ŕ̥tḱos *h₂ŕ̥tḱoh₁ *h₂ŕ̥tḱoes
vocative *h₂ŕ̥tḱe *h₂ŕ̥tḱoh₁ *h₂ŕ̥tḱoes
accusative *h₂ŕ̥tḱom *h₂ŕ̥tḱoh₁ *h₂ŕ̥tḱoms
genitive *h₂ŕ̥tḱosyo *? *h₂ŕ̥tḱoHom
ablative *h₂ŕ̥tḱead *? *h₂ŕ̥tḱomos
dative *h₂ŕ̥tḱoey *? *h₂ŕ̥tḱomos
locative *h₂ŕ̥tḱey, *h₂ŕ̥tḱoy *? *h₂ŕ̥tḱoysu
instrumental *h₂ŕ̥tḱoh₁ *? *h₂ŕ̥tḱōys

Descendants

[edit]
  • Proto-Albanian: *artsa
    • Old Albanian: ar (< shortening of *arth, where -th was mistaken for a diminutive suffix)
      • Albanian: ari (< back-formation from arinj (pl.), inherited plural of OAlb ar), arushë (feminine)
  • Proto-Anatolian: *Hŕ̥tḱos[5] (see there for further descendants)
  • Armenian:
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *irśtwā́ˀ (< *h₂r̥tḱ-wéh₂) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *artos (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *árktos
    • Ancient Greek: ἄρκτος (árktos) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hŕ̥ćšas (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *orsos[6] (perhaps from earlier *orssos, though outcome of -tḱ- in Italic uncertain, tabooistic distortion of #ar-?[7])
    • Latin: ursus (see there for further descendants)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Lundquist, Jesse, Yates, Anthony D. (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Proto-Indo-European, page 2113
  2. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*(h₁)rek̂s-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 505
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 55: “*h₂ŕ̥tk̂os”
  4. ^ Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2271
  5. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “ḫartakka-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 369
  6. ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 56: “ursus 'bear' < *orsos < *h₂ortḱo- < *h₂rtḱo-”
  7. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ursus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 645: “PIt. *orsso-”
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ŕ̥tḱos&oldid=80497185"