Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/griHwáH

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷriHwéh₂.

Noun

*griHwáH f^[1]

(anatomy) neck, throat

Declension

aH-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*griHwáH	*griHwáy	*griHwā́s
vocative	*gríHway	*gríHway	*gríHwās
accusative	*griHwā́m	*griHwáy	*griHwā́s
instrumental	*griHwáH, -ayaH	*griHwáHbʰyā(m)	*griHwáHbʰiš
ablative	*griHwáyaHs	*griHwáHbʰyā(m)	*griHwáHbʰyas
dative	*griHwáyaHi	*griHwáHbʰyā(m)	*griHwáHbʰyas
genitive	*griHwáyaHs	*griHwáyHās	*griHwáHnaHam
locative	*griHwáyaH	*griHwáyHaw	*griHwáHsu

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *griHwáH
- Sanskrit: ग्रीवा (grīvā́) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Iranian: *griHwáH
- Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬍𐬎𐬎𐬁 (grīuuā)
- Pashto: ګروه (grë́wa), ګروې (grë́we), ګرېوه (gréwá)
- Middle Persian: (/⁠grīw^[2]⁠/)
  Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (CWLE), [Book Pahlavi needed] (glyw')
  - Classical Persian: گری (garī, “neck^[3]”)
- ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *griHwáHnah (“neck, collar”)
  - Pashto: گرېوان (grewā́n), گرېبان (grebā́n)
  - ⇒ Middle Persian:
    Book Pahlavi: [script needed] (glywbʾn' /⁠grīwbān⁠/, “neck-guard”)
    - Classical Persian: گریبان (girēbān, girībān, garēbān, garībān, “collar”) (see there for further descendants)
    - → Ancient Greek: κλῑ́βανον (klī́banon, “cuirass”) [since the 4^th century^[4]]
      - ⇒ Ancient Greek: κλῑβανάριος (klībanários, “cuirassier”) [since the 4^th century] (or from a Middle Persian *grīwbānvar)
    - → Latin: clībanum (“cuirass”) [since the 4^th century]
      - ⇒ Latin: clībanārius (“cuirassier”) [since the 4^th century]
  - → Old Armenian: գրապան (grapan), գրապանակ (grapanak)
    - Middle Armenian: գրպան (grpan)
      - → Armenian: գրպան (grpan)
Proto-Nuristani: (“collar, neck”) (< *griHwíyaH)
- Northern Nuristani:
  - Kamkata-viri:
    Kamviri: géř
    
    Kativiri: gřë́k, gë́ř
  - Prasuni: gīk
- Southern Nuristani:
  - Ashkun: gřṓṛ
  - Waigali: grëv

References

^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
^ MacKenzie, D. N. (1971), A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press
^ Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–), “گری”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press.
^ Rundgren, Frithiof (1957), “Über einige iranische Lehnwörter im Lateinischen und Griechischen”, in Orientalia Suecana‎^[1], volume 6, pages 31–51

[1] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[2] MacKenzie, D. N. (1971), A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press

[3] Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–), “گری”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press.

[4] Rundgren, Frithiof (1957), “Über einige iranische Lehnwörter im Lateinischen und Griechischen”, in Orientalia Suecana‎^[1], volume 6, pages 31–51

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