Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/yamás

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *yemHós.

Noun

*yamás m

pair, twin

Declension

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*yamás	*yamā́(w)	*yamā́s(as)
vocative	*yáma	*yámā(w)	*yámās(as)
accusative	*yamám	*yamā́(w)	*yamā́ns
instrumental	*yamáH	*yamáybʰyā(m)	*yamā́yš
ablative	*yamā́t	*yamáybʰyā(m)	*yamáybʰyas
dative	*yamā́y	*yamáybʰyā(m)	*yamáybʰyas
genitive	*yamásya	*yamáyās	*yamā́naHam
locative	*yamáy	*yamáyaw	*yamáyšu

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yamás
- Sanskrit: यम (yamá)
  - Dardic:
    - Khowar: جمےژ (ǰamiž)
  - Helu Prakrit:
    - Sinhalese: යමා (yamā)
  - Magadhi Prakrit:
    - Bihari:
      - Bhojpuri: जेंवां (jēnvā̃)
  - Maharastri Prakrit:
    - Marathi: जवा (javā)
  - Pali: yama
Proto-Iranian: *yamáh
- Old Avestan: 𐬫𐬇𐬨𐬀 (yə̄ma, “twin; Jamshid, Yima”)
  - Younger Avestan: 𐬫𐬌𐬨𐬀 (yima)
- Sogdian: (/⁠Yime~ Yimi⁠/, “Yima, Jamshid”)
  - Manichaean script: 𐫏𐫖𐫏𐫍 (ymyh)
- Old Persian: *Yamah
  - Middle Persian: (/⁠ǰam⁠/, “twin; Jamshid”)
    - Manichaean script: 𐫋𐫖 (jm)
    - Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ym)
      - Classical Persian: جم (J̌am, “Jamshid”)
        Dari: جم (J̌am)
        
        Iranian Persian: جم (J̌am)
        
        Tajik: Ҷам (Jam)
        
        → Ottoman Turkish: جم (Cem, “Jamshid; king; prince”)
        Turkish: Cem
        
        → Kurdish
        Central Kurdish: جەم (J̌am)
        
        Northern Kurdish: Cem (J̌am)
> Proto-Iranian: *yamahākah
- Sogdian: (/⁠yəmāk⁠/, “twin”)
  - Manichaean script: 𐫏𐫖𐫀𐫐 (ymʾk)
  - Syriac script: ܝܡܐܟ (ymʼk)
> Proto-Iranian: *yamahakah
- Middle Persian: (/⁠ǰamag⁠/, “Jamag, Jamshid's sister”)
  - Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ymk')
- Parthian: (/⁠yamag⁠/, “twin; heavenly twin”)
  - Manichaean script: 𐫏𐫖𐫃 (ymg)
> Proto-Iranian: *yamahīkah
- Middle Persian: [script needed] (jmyg /⁠ǰamīg⁠/, “twin”)
- Baluchi: جمکی (jamkì, “the branch has two branchlets”) (Perhaps)
> Proto-Iranian: *yamahxšaytah
- Avestan: 𐬫𐬌𐬨𐬀⸱𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 (yima.xšaēta, “radiant Yima”)
  - → Old Persian: *Yamaxšaitah
    - Late Old Persian: *Yamaxšētah
      - Middle Persian: (/⁠ǰamšēd⁠/, “Jamshid, a mythical figure in Iranian fairytales”)
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ymšyt')
        
        Classical Persian: جمشید (J̌amšēd)
        Dari: جمشید (J̌amšēd)
        
        Iranian Persian: جمشید (J̌amšīd)
        
        Tajik: Ҷамшед (Jamšed)
        
        → Kurdish
        Central Kurdish: جەمشید (J̌amšīd)
        
        Northern Kurdish: Cemşîd (J̌amšīd)
        
        → Hindustani:
        Hindi: जमशेद (jamśed)
        
        Urdu: جمشید (Jamšed)
        
        → Uzbek: Jamshid
Proto-Nuristani: *yamá
- ⇒ Proto-Nuristani: *yāmaṇa
  - Northern Nuristani:
    - Kamkata-viri:
      - Kamviri: iāmṇa
      - Kativiri: iāmṇa
  - Southern Nuristani:
    - Waigali: iāmūṇa
→ Proto-Finnic: *jama (see there for further descendants)
→ Proto-Samic: *juomē (see there for further descendants)