यम

See also: यम् and यमी

Hindi

यम बौना ग्रह

यम देव

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit यम (yama).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Hindi) IPA^(key): /jəm/, [jɐ̃m]

Proper noun

यम • (yam) m

1. (Hinduism) Yama, god of death

   Synonym: यमराज (yamrāj)

2. (astronomy) Pluto (dwarf planet, former planet)

Declension

Declension of यम (sg-only masc cons-stem)

	singular
direct	यम yam
oblique	यम yam
vocative	यम yam

See also

Solar System in Hindi · सौरमण्डल (saurmaṇḍal) (layout · text)
Star	सूर्य (sūrya)
IAU planets and notable dwarf planets	बुध (budh)	शुक्र (śukra)	पृथ्वी (pŕthvī)	मंगल (maṅgal)	सीरीस (sīrīs)	बृहस्पति (bŕhaspati)	शनि (śani)	अरुण (aruṇ)	वरुण (varuṇ)	यम (yam)	ऍरिस (ĕris)
Notable moons	—	—	चन्द्रमा (candramā)	फ़ोबस (fobas) डेमोस (ḍemos)	—	आयो (āyo) यूरोपा (yūropā) गैनिमीड (gainimīḍ) कलिस्टो (kalisṭo)	माइमस (māimas) ऍनसॅलअडस (ĕnsĕlaaḍas) टॅथिस (ṭĕthis) डायोनी (ḍāyonī) रिया (riyā) टाइटन (ṭāiṭan) आऐपिटस (āaipiṭas)	मिरैन्डा (mirainḍā) ऍरिअल (ĕrial) अम्ब्रिअल (ambrial) टाइटेनिआ (ṭāiṭeniā) ओबेरॉन (oberŏn)	ट्राइटन (ṭrāiṭan)	शैरन (śairan)	डिस्नोमिया (ḍisnomiyā)

Marathi

Etymology

Inherited from Old Marathi 𑘧𑘦 (yama), from Sanskrit यम (yama).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jəm/

• Audio:

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• Audio:

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Proper noun

यम • (yam) m

1. (Hinduism) Yama

References

• Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983), “यम”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
• Molesworth, James Thomas (1857), “यम”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
• दाते, यशवंत रामकृष्ण [Date, Yashwant Ramkrishna] (1932-1950), “यम”, in महाराष्ट्र शब्दकोश (mahārāṣṭra śabdakoś) (in Marathi), पुणे [Pune]: महाराष्ट्र कोशमंडळ (mahārāṣṭra kośmaṇḍaḷ)

Old Marathi

Proper noun

यम (yama) m

1. Devanagari form of 𑘧𑘦 (yama)

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• যম (Assamese script)
• ᬬᬫ (Balinese script)
• যম (Bengali script)
• 𑰧𑰦 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀬𑀫 (Brahmi script)
• ယမ (Burmese script)
• યમ (Gujarati script)
• ਯਮ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌯𑌮 (Grantha script)
• ꦪꦩ (Javanese script)
• 𑂨𑂧 (Kaithi script)
• ಯಮ (Kannada script)
• យម (Khmer script)
• ຍມ (Lao script)
• യമ (Malayalam script)
• ᠶᠠᠮᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘧𑘦 (Modi script)
• ᠶ᠋ᠠᠮᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧇𑧆 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐫𑐩 (Newa script)
• ଯମ (Odia script)
• ꢫꢪ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆪𑆩 (Sharada script)
• 𑖧𑖦 (Siddham script)
• යම (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩻𑩴 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚣𑚢 (Takri script)
• யம (Tamil script)
• యమ (Telugu script)
• ยม (Thai script)
• ཡ་མ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒨𑒧 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨪𑨢 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *yámas, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *yámas, from Proto-Indo-European *yém-o-s, from *yem- (“to hold, restrain”). Cognate with Albanian gjem.

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /jɐ́.mɐ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /jɐ.mɐ/

Noun

यम॑ • (yáma) stem, m (root यम्)

1. rein
2. driver, charioteer
3. suppression, restraint; self-restraint (in Yoga)
4. any great moral rule or duty
5. observance, rule

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of यम॑

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	यमः॑ (yámaḥ)	यमौ॑ (yámau) यमा॑¹ (yámā¹)	यमाः॑ (yámāḥ) यमा॑सः¹ (yámāsaḥ¹)
accusative	यम॑म् (yámam)	यमौ॑ (yámau) यमा॑¹ (yámā¹)	यमा॑न् (yámān)
instrumental	यमे॑न (yámena)	यमा॑भ्याम् (yámābhyām)	यमैः॑ (yámaiḥ) यमे॑भिः¹ (yámebhiḥ¹)
dative	यमा॑य (yámāya)	यमा॑भ्याम् (yámābhyām)	यमे॑भ्यः (yámebhyaḥ)
ablative	यमा॑त् (yámāt)	यमा॑भ्याम् (yámābhyām)	यमे॑भ्यः (yámebhyaḥ)
genitive	यम॑स्य (yámasya)	यम॑योः (yámayoḥ)	यमा॑नाम् (yámānām)
locative	यमे॑ (yáme)	यम॑योः (yámayoḥ)	यमे॑षु (yámeṣu)
vocative	यम॑ (yáma)	यमौ॑ (yámau) यमा॑¹ (yámā¹)	यमाः॑ (yámāḥ) यमा॑सः¹ (yámāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *yamás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *yamás, from Proto-Indo-European *yemHós (“connected, paired”), from *yemH- (“twin”). Cognate with Latin Remus (albeit with initial R- from contamination with Rōmulus).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /jɐ.mɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /jɐ.mɐ/

Adjective

य॒म • (yamá) stem

1. twin-born, forming a pair

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of य॒म

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	य॒मः (yamáḥ)	य॒मौ (yamáu) य॒मा¹ (yamā́¹)	य॒माः (yamā́ḥ) य॒मासः॑¹ (yamā́saḥ¹)
accusative	य॒मम् (yamám)	य॒मौ (yamáu) य॒मा¹ (yamā́¹)	य॒मान् (yamā́n)
instrumental	य॒मेन॑ (yaména)	य॒माभ्या॑म् (yamā́bhyām)	य॒मैः (yamáiḥ) य॒मेभिः॑¹ (yamébhiḥ¹)
dative	य॒माय॑ (yamā́ya)	य॒माभ्या॑म् (yamā́bhyām)	य॒मेभ्यः॑ (yamébhyaḥ)
ablative	य॒मात् (yamā́t)	य॒माभ्या॑म् (yamā́bhyām)	य॒मेभ्यः॑ (yamébhyaḥ)
genitive	य॒मस्य॑ (yamásya)	य॒मयोः॑ (yamáyoḥ)	य॒माना॑म् (yamā́nām)
locative	य॒मे (yamé)	य॒मयोः॑ (yamáyoḥ)	य॒मेषु॑ (yaméṣu)
vocative	यम॑ (yáma)	यमौ॑ (yámau) यमा॑¹ (yámā¹)	यमाः॑ (yámāḥ) यमा॑सः¹ (yámāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of य॒मा

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	य॒मा (yamā́)	य॒मे (yamé)	य॒माः (yamā́ḥ)
accusative	य॒माम् (yamā́m)	य॒मे (yamé)	य॒माः (yamā́ḥ)
instrumental	य॒मया॑ (yamáyā) य॒मा¹ (yamā́¹)	य॒माभ्या॑म् (yamā́bhyām)	य॒माभिः॑ (yamā́bhiḥ)
dative	य॒मायै॑ (yamā́yai)	य॒माभ्या॑म् (yamā́bhyām)	य॒माभ्यः॑ (yamā́bhyaḥ)
ablative	य॒मायाः॑ (yamā́yāḥ) य॒मायै॑² (yamā́yai²)	य॒माभ्या॑म् (yamā́bhyām)	य॒माभ्यः॑ (yamā́bhyaḥ)
genitive	य॒मायाः॑ (yamā́yāḥ) य॒मायै॑² (yamā́yai²)	य॒मयोः॑ (yamáyoḥ)	य॒माना॑म् (yamā́nām)
locative	य॒माया॑म् (yamā́yām)	य॒मयोः॑ (yamáyoḥ)	य॒मासु॑ (yamā́su)
vocative	यमे॑ (yáme)	यमे॑ (yáme)	यमाः॑ (yámāḥ)

• ¹Vedic
• ²Brāhmaṇas

Feminine ī-stem declension of य॒मी

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	य॒मी (yamī́)	य॒म्यौ॑ (yamyàu) य॒मी¹ (yamī́¹)	य॒म्यः॑ (yamyàḥ) य॒मीः¹ (yamī́ḥ¹)
accusative	य॒मीम् (yamī́m)	य॒म्यौ॑ (yamyàu) य॒मी¹ (yamī́¹)	य॒मीः (yamī́ḥ)
instrumental	य॒म्या (yamyā́)	य॒मीभ्या॑म् (yamī́bhyām)	य॒मीभिः॑ (yamī́bhiḥ)
dative	य॒म्यै (yamyái)	य॒मीभ्या॑म् (yamī́bhyām)	य॒मीभ्यः॑ (yamī́bhyaḥ)
ablative	य॒म्याः (yamyā́ḥ) य॒म्यै² (yamyái²)	य॒मीभ्या॑म् (yamī́bhyām)	य॒मीभ्यः॑ (yamī́bhyaḥ)
genitive	य॒म्याः (yamyā́ḥ) य॒म्यै² (yamyái²)	य॒म्योः (yamyóḥ)	य॒मीना॑म् (yamī́nām)
locative	य॒म्याम् (yamyā́m)	य॒म्योः (yamyóḥ)	य॒मीषु॑ (yamī́ṣu)
vocative	यमि॑ (yámi)	यम्यौ॑ (yámyau) यमी॑¹ (yámī¹)	यम्यः॑ (yámyaḥ) यमीः॑¹ (yámīḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic
• ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of य॒म

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	य॒मम् (yamám)	य॒मे (yamé)	य॒मानि॑ (yamā́ni) य॒मा¹ (yamā́¹)
accusative	य॒मम् (yamám)	य॒मे (yamé)	य॒मानि॑ (yamā́ni) य॒मा¹ (yamā́¹)
instrumental	य॒मेन॑ (yaména)	य॒माभ्या॑म् (yamā́bhyām)	य॒मैः (yamáiḥ) य॒मेभिः॑¹ (yamébhiḥ¹)
dative	य॒माय॑ (yamā́ya)	य॒माभ्या॑म् (yamā́bhyām)	य॒मेभ्यः॑ (yamébhyaḥ)
ablative	य॒मात् (yamā́t)	य॒माभ्या॑म् (yamā́bhyām)	य॒मेभ्यः॑ (yamébhyaḥ)
genitive	य॒मस्य॑ (yamásya)	य॒मयोः॑ (yamáyoḥ)	य॒माना॑म् (yamā́nām)
locative	य॒मे (yamé)	य॒मयोः॑ (yamáyoḥ)	य॒मेषु॑ (yaméṣu)
vocative	यम॑ (yáma)	यमे॑ (yáme)	यमा॑नि (yámāni) यमा॑¹ (yámā¹)

• ¹Vedic

Noun

य॒म • (yamá) stem, m

1. a twin, one of a pair or couple
2. a pair or a couple
3. (symbolic) the number 'two'

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of य॒म

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	य॒मः (yamáḥ)	य॒मौ (yamáu) य॒मा¹ (yamā́¹)	य॒माः (yamā́ḥ) य॒मासः॑¹ (yamā́saḥ¹)
accusative	य॒मम् (yamám)	य॒मौ (yamáu) य॒मा¹ (yamā́¹)	य॒मान् (yamā́n)
instrumental	य॒मेन॑ (yaména)	य॒माभ्या॑म् (yamā́bhyām)	य॒मैः (yamáiḥ) य॒मेभिः॑¹ (yamébhiḥ¹)
dative	य॒माय॑ (yamā́ya)	य॒माभ्या॑म् (yamā́bhyām)	य॒मेभ्यः॑ (yamébhyaḥ)
ablative	य॒मात् (yamā́t)	य॒माभ्या॑म् (yamā́bhyām)	य॒मेभ्यः॑ (yamébhyaḥ)
genitive	य॒मस्य॑ (yamásya)	य॒मयोः॑ (yamáyoḥ)	य॒माना॑म् (yamā́nām)
locative	य॒मे (yamé)	य॒मयोः॑ (yamáyoḥ)	य॒मेषु॑ (yaméṣu)
vocative	यम॑ (yáma)	यमौ॑ (yámau) यमा॑¹ (yámā¹)	यमाः॑ (yámāḥ) यमा॑सः¹ (yámāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Descendants

• Dardic:
  • Khowar: جمےژ (ǰamiž)
• Helu Prakrit:
  • Sinhalese: යමා (yamā)
• Magadhi Prakrit:
  • Bihari:
    • Bhojpuri: जेंवां (jēnvā̃)
• Maharastri Prakrit:
  • Marathi: जवा (javā)
• Pali: yama

Noun

य॒म • (yamá) stem, n

1. (grammar) a twin-letter
2. pitch of the voice

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of य॒म

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	य॒मम् (yamám)	य॒मे (yamé)	य॒मानि॑ (yamā́ni) य॒मा¹ (yamā́¹)
accusative	य॒मम् (yamám)	य॒मे (yamé)	य॒मानि॑ (yamā́ni) य॒मा¹ (yamā́¹)
instrumental	य॒मेन॑ (yaména)	य॒माभ्या॑म् (yamā́bhyām)	य॒मैः (yamáiḥ) य॒मेभिः॑¹ (yamébhiḥ¹)
dative	य॒माय॑ (yamā́ya)	य॒माभ्या॑म् (yamā́bhyām)	य॒मेभ्यः॑ (yamébhyaḥ)
ablative	य॒मात् (yamā́t)	य॒माभ्या॑म् (yamā́bhyām)	य॒मेभ्यः॑ (yamébhyaḥ)
genitive	य॒मस्य॑ (yamásya)	य॒मयोः॑ (yamáyoḥ)	य॒माना॑म् (yamā́nām)
locative	य॒मे (yamé)	य॒मयोः॑ (yamáyoḥ)	य॒मेषु॑ (yaméṣu)
vocative	यम॑ (yáma)	यमे॑ (yáme)	यमा॑नि (yámāni) यमा॑¹ (yámā¹)

• ¹Vedic

Etymology 3

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Yamás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Yamás.

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /jɐ.mɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /jɐ.mɐ/

Proper noun

य॒म • (yamá) stem, m

1. Yama, the god of death, afterlife and justice, the twin brother of Yamuna and believed to have been the first mortal to die
   • c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 10.14.1:

     प॒रे॒यि॒वांसं॑ प्र॒वतो॑ म॒हीरनु॑ ब॒हुभ्यः॒ पन्था॑मनुपस्पशा॒नम् ।
     वै॒व॒स्व॒तं सं॒गम॑नं॒ जना॑नां य॒मं राजा॑नं ह॒विषा॑ दुवस्य ॥

     pareyivā́ṃsaṃ praváto mahī́ránu bahúbhyaḥ pánthāmanupaspaśānám.
     vaivasvatáṃ saṃgámanaṃ jánānāṃ yamáṃ rā́jānaṃ havíṣā duvasya.

     Honour the King (of the Pitṛs) with your oblations, Yama, Vivasvan's Son, who gathers men together, who travelled to the lofty heights above us, who searches out and shows the path to many.

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of य॒म

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	य॒मः (yamáḥ)	य॒मौ (yamáu) य॒मा¹ (yamā́¹)	य॒माः (yamā́ḥ) य॒मासः॑¹ (yamā́saḥ¹)
accusative	य॒मम् (yamám)	य॒मौ (yamáu) य॒मा¹ (yamā́¹)	य॒मान् (yamā́n)
instrumental	य॒मेन॑ (yaména)	य॒माभ्या॑म् (yamā́bhyām)	य॒मैः (yamáiḥ) य॒मेभिः॑¹ (yamébhiḥ¹)
dative	य॒माय॑ (yamā́ya)	य॒माभ्या॑म् (yamā́bhyām)	य॒मेभ्यः॑ (yamébhyaḥ)
ablative	य॒मात् (yamā́t)	य॒माभ्या॑म् (yamā́bhyām)	य॒मेभ्यः॑ (yamébhyaḥ)
genitive	य॒मस्य॑ (yamásya)	य॒मयोः॑ (yamáyoḥ)	य॒माना॑म् (yamā́nām)
locative	य॒मे (yamé)	य॒मयोः॑ (yamáyoḥ)	य॒मेषु॑ (yaméṣu)
vocative	यम॑ (yáma)	यमौ॑ (yámau) यमा॑¹ (yámā¹)	यमाः॑ (yámāḥ) यमा॑सः¹ (yámāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Descendants

• → Balinese: ᬬᬫ (yama)
• → Bengali: যম (jom)
• → Manipuri: ꯌꯃ (yama)
• → Middle Chinese: 閻魔 (MC yem ma)
  • Mandarin: 閻魔／阎魔 (Yánmó)
  • → Japanese: 閻魔 (えんま, enma)
  • → Korean: 염마 (yeomma), 閻魔
  • → Vietnamese: Diêm Ma
• → Japanese: 夜摩 (Yama)
• → Old Marathi: 𑘧𑘦 (yama)
  • Marathi: यम (yam)
• Pali: yama
  • → Burmese: ယာမာ (yama)
  • → Old Khmer: [script needed] (yama)
    • Khmer: យម (yum)
  • → Thai: ยม (yom)
• Prakrit: 𑀚𑀫 (jama)
• → Tamil: யமன் (yamaṉ)

References

• Monier Williams (1899), “यम”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 846, column 1.
• Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1893), “यम”, in A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout, London: Oxford University Press
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 399-401